题目内容

The Historical Background of Social Psychology
1 While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western tradition, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon. One reason for the striking upsurge of social psychology in the United States lies in the pragmatic tradition of this country. National emergencies and conditions of social disruption provide special incentive to invent new techniques, and to strike out boldly for solutions to practical social problems. Social psychology began to flourish soon after the First World War. This event, followed by the great depression of the 1930s, by the rise of Hitler, the genocide of Jews, race riots, the Second World War and the atomic threat, stimulated all branches of social science. A special challenge fell to social psychology. The question was asked: How is it possible to preserve the values of freedom and individual rights under condition of mounting social strain and regimentation? Can science help provide an answer? This challenging question led to a burst of creative effort that added much to our understanding of the phenomena of leadership, public opinion, rumor, propaganda, prejudice, attitude change, morale, communication, decision-making, race relations, and conflicts of war.
2 Reviewing the decade that followed World War Ⅱ, Cartwright [1961] speaks of the "excitement and optimism" of American social psychologists, and notes "the tremendous increase in the total number of people calling themselves social psychologists". Most of these, we may add,show little awareness of the history of their field.
3 Practical and humanitarian motives have always played an important part in the development of social psychology, not only in America but in other lands as well. Yet there have been discordant and dissenting voices, in the opinion of Herbert Spencer in England, of Ludwig Gumplowicz in Austria, and of William Graham Sumner in the United States, it is both futile and dangerous for man to attempt to steer or to speed social change. Social evolution, they argue, requires time and obeys laws beyond the control of man. The only practical service of social science is to warn man not to interfere with the course of nature (or society). But these authors are in a minority. Most social psychologists share with Comte an optimistic view of man's chances to better his way of life. Has he not already improved his health via biological sciences? Why should he not better his social relationships via social sciences? For the past century this optimistic outlook has persisted in the face of slender accomplishment to date. Human relations seem stubbornly set. Wars have not been abolished, labor troubles have not abated, and racial tensions are still with us. Give us time and give us money for research, the optimists say.
Social psychology developed in the USA

A. because its roots are intellectually western in origin.
B. as a direct response to the great depression.
C. to meet the threat of Adolf Hitler and his policy of mass genocide.
D. because of its pragmatic traditions for dealing with social problems.

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SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文: A man who fired three shots into a crowded birthday party killing one man and wounding two other people has been sentenced to 60 years in prison. 36-year-old Mark Eastwood was in court for sentencing today after a jury found him guilty of manslaughter, but not guilty of murder. Mark Eastwood snapped after being kept awake for four successive nights by noisy parties yards away form. his home. He took a loaded revolver and fired three shots through the window of a house in the southwestern part of the city. A 2S-year-old man at the party died after being hit in the head, two other people were seriously wounded.
The court was told that Eastwood had a lengthy criminal record for dishonesty and he was keeping a gun without a license. Sentencing him to 60 years in prison, Mr. Justice Dawson said, "no one must be allowed to kill innocent people and not to be severely punished."
The man was convicted for

A. dishonesty.
B. manslaughter.
C. murder.
D. having a gun

According to the search operation commander, the recovery of the missing Americans is slowed down because

A. the weather conditions are unfavorable.
B. the necessary documents are unavailable.
C. the sites are inaccessible.
D. some local people are greedy.

Which of the following is TRUE?

A. Mark Eastwood had a license for a revolver.
B. Mark Eastwood loved to go to noisy parties.
C. Mark Eastwood smashed the windows of a house.
D. Mark Eastwood had a record.

SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文: Ok, good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. In previous weeks we talked about different types of pollution and this week I want to focus on air pollution, with air pollution caused by the car. It's well known that cars are the main cause of air pollution in cities, which comes up to 60% in some cities and in others even as high as 90% of all air pollution caused by the car. Cars contribute a great deal to the air pollution in our cities, and this will get worse as the number of cars increases in the cities.
Firstly, I'd like to talk about how cars cause air pollution. How does a car cause air pollution? Well, you are all familiar with the internal combustion engine. There's a mixture of petrol which explodes and this explosion helps propel a car forwarD.Unfortunately, in this process there are some poisonous chemicals which remain, and these poisonous chemicals mainly come out of the back of the car through the exhaust.
Now, it's not just what comes out of the car exhaust that is dangerous, the brakes also cause pollution. The brakes on cars give off asbestos, and as you know asbestos is... is a highly dangerous substance and can kill us.
And thirdly, the tires themselves give off small rubber particles which are not very good for health. We need to find solutions to this problem. I'm going to talk about 4 possible solutions.
Firstly, we should try and discourage the use of cars. We could do this by putting higher taxes on petrol or we could make cars more expensive. We could put the price of cars up.
Secondly, we might encourage alternative methods of transport. For example, recently in Shanghai, you've built a subway, which takes some of the pressure off the roads. Some people would use the subway rather than using cars. In addition, we could improve public transport, make it more comfortable, safer, and more regular so that the people will use public transport rather than cars. Next, we could also use cleaner fuels rather than petrol. For example, we might use natural gas in the future or we might experiment with battery group in cars.
And lastly, we could try mechanical means for reducing the amount of chemicals that are
emitted, which come out of cars, which come out of the exhaust pipe. We could fix things called catalytic converters to exhaust pipes. These are something... these are a device which are fixed over to the exhaust, which controls the carbon monoxide, which reduces the amount of dangerous chemicals that cars give off.
Now it's unlikely that any one of these solutions will work on its own. I'm pretty sure that it would take a combination of all four of these solutions to solve the problem.
The speaker thinks that

A. car causes pollution only in some cities.
B. 60% of the cities are affected by car pollution.
C. 90% of the city residents suffer from car pollution.
D. car is the main contributing factor in polluting air.

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