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On May 14, ______, English surgeon Edward Jenner (1749–1823) inoculated James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy, with fluid from a cowpox pustule to determine whether this would prevent him from developing smallpox. Jenner had observed that dairymaids exposed to cowpox seemed to have resistance to smallpox, and hypothesized that exposure to cowpox would provide protection against smallpox.
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_________ chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur (1822–1896), who developed the germ theory of disease, also tested experimental vaccines on human subjects.
In 1885,Louis Pasteur (1822–1896) gave an experimental _______ vaccine to a nine-year old boy, Joseph Meister, without first testing the vaccine on animals. Meister had been mauled by a dog, and Pasteur gave the boy the vaccine in the hope of preventing the disease. The vaccine worked, and other parents asked Pasteur to administer it to their children.
After observing that carbolic acid could reduce wound infections in cattle, __________ surgeon and scientist Joseph Lister (1827–1912, "founder of antiseptic medicine") hypothesized that this compound had antiseptic properties, and he tested it on human subjects. One of the first patients to receive this treatment was James Greenless, an eleven-year-old boy who had a compound fracture of the leg. The boy recovered from his treatment without infection or amputation.
In ______, Robert Bartholomew (1831–1904) noticed that his 30-year-old mentally disabled patient, Mary Rafferty, had a two-inch hole in her skull caused by a cancerous ulcer. He took advantage of this opportunity to study her brain and inserted electrodes into the hole.
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