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Good relationship between siblings helps children grow up to be emotional.
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听力原文：M: Uh, where am I？
W: Excuse me. Do you need any help？
M: Nah, I... I'm just looking.., well... Uh, well, actually.., yeah. Um... [23] I want to go to the science museum, but I've been lost for the past few hours, and [24] I can't make heads or tails of these ticket machines.
W: Ah, well, just press this button. And from here, it's a dollar fifty.
M: Okay.
W: Then, get on the train at Platform. No. 4.
M: Alright. Oh, how often do the trains come around this time of day？
W: Usually, [25] they come about every six minutes.
M: Okay. And where do I get off the train？
W: Get off at State Street Station, three stops from here.
M: Okay. I've got it. Thanks for your help.
W: No problem. Good luck.
(20)
听力原文：W：Did you watch the game yesterday？
M：I wanted to do，but Maria couldn't stand it and wanted to watch the movie on Channel V．
Q：Why didn't the man watch the game？
(16)
Rivals No More
—How to help siblings(兄弟,姐妹)become pals
"I didn't start it. She hit me first." "He ruined my new Play-Station game. Can't he leave my stuff alone？" "Why do I have to give way to him all the time？ It's not fair!"
Sound familiar？ If you've got two or more children, you probably know how intense and hurtful sibling rivalry can be—over the most trivial of things. "In our house, sometimes there is a quarrel over who gets to roller-skate down the driveway first," says Pat Weston, a mother of four. Resolving the conflicts, however, is far from a trivial matter. These early conflicts with siblings affect self-confidence and self-reliance, future friendships and family harmony, according to experts. Even the ways adults handle problems can refer back to early battles with a brother or sister.
As a parent or guardian, how do you play up warmth, sharing and cooperation—while under standing feelings of jealousy, anger and aggression？ Try these tips for peace.
See the big picture. Too often grown-ups step in at the "shriek stage" of a conflict, says parent educator and author Elizabeth Crary. "So they miss the whole picture." The child who creates commotion(骚乱)with a hostile act, such as hitting, may actually be the victim of repeated offensive actions from a sneakier sibling. "When a parent understands what is really going on, she can help both children," Crary explains.
Observing your kids also allows for lots of opportunities to encourage instances of their good behavior. "I like the way you let your brother look at your baseball cards."
Focus on feelings. When they're angry, children are too nervous and confused to process in formation correctly. Crary advises working between crises to teach calm-down techniques—how to breathe deeply or shake out the "marls," for example. When everyone is less angry, try helping your kids to identify and express their underlying emotions, and listen sensitively to each one's side.
At first, especially with very young children, you may need to do some prompting. For example: "I can see you're sad that your sister doesn't feel like sharing her crayons right now." or, "You seem upset that Mummy spends so much time feeding the baby." When kids learn that their feelings will be respected, they often become more considerate of others.
Rely on rules. In the Di Micele kitchen, the walls are devoted to the children's artwork, all on the theme of getting along. With three boys under age six, parents Sabrina and Eric make a special effort to explain and reinforce the rules for harmony. "Still," Sabrina admits, "it's hard. We all have to work on this."
It takes time and patience, but rules do reduce conflict. "Children understand rules and want boundaries," says Hildy Ross, professor of psychology at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. "Without them, issues don't get resolved."
Ross found that parents actually enforce their rules inconsistently, only about half the time. During busy periods, perhaps they do not follow through, or even forget the rules they created. Aggressive acts by kids generate more notice than violations against property—taking a toy, or not sharing, for instance. "But property and individual rights are important to kids, and so is consistency," says Ross.
A possession a child prizes should be protected to limit confrontations. Privacy and personal space deserve protection too. And to avoid remote-control fights, be clear about the schedule for TV, video or computer games. A timer or calendar can prevent countless "It's my turn!" quarrels.
Let kids own the answer. When establishing rules or handling conflicts, help children find solutions on their own. A three-step plan is a good idea. First, define the issue: "What are you fig
After the war, the people of Tokyo began to rebuild their city. Buildings went up at a fantastic(令人惊奇的)rate, and between 1945 and 1960, the city's population more than doubled. Because the Olympic Games held in Tokyo in 1964, many new stadiums(体育场), parks and hotels were built to accommodate(供给……住宿)visitors from all over the world. As a result of this rapid development, however, many problems have arisen (出现). Housing shortage (缺乏), pollution and waste disposal(处理) have presented serious challenges(挑战) to the city, but the government has begun several programs to answer them.
What kind of city is Tokyo？
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