题目内容
What Is Anthrax？
There's been a lot of talk about anthrax on the news lately. Some people are worded that anthrax may be connected to terrorist attacks or that terrorists may spread the germ that(1)the disease. Federal officials and police are investigating this and taking measures to protect us.
In the meantime, it's important not to panic over anthrax. The chances that you and your family(2)at risk are very tiny. One of the ways you can feel better is to learn about anthrax. When you know what it is and(3)you can get it, it doesn't seem quite as scary.
So, what(4)is anthrax？
Here are the facts on anthrax:
Anthrax is a bacterial infection caused by a germ. Although it's most common in farm(5), like sheep, cows, pigs, horses, and goats, there's a very small chance that people can get it, too.
Anthrax spores (a version of the germ in a protective shell that can live in the soil for years) cause the disease.
People may get anthrax if they are exposed to anthrax(6). But here's the important part: just being exposed to these spores doesn't mean that a person will get(7).
For people to get sick, they would have to breathe in thousands of these spores all the way into their(8). Or they'd have to eat meat contaminated with anthrax or handle(9)that has anthrax spores. This may sound scary, but even when people come(10)contact with the spores, it's unlikely that they'll get sick.(11)the bacteria do not get into the skin, digestive tract, or lung, the disease won't develop.
Anthrax is not spread from person to person the way the flu can spread from family member to(12)member or classmate to classmate.
Anthrax is very rare. Until recently, anthrax wasn't even talked about because it was so rare-- and it still(13)! Even with all of the anthrax cases you are hearing about right now(and many of these suspected cases will turn out not to be anthrax), a person's chances of getting anthrax are about the(14)as they were before you heard about anthrax on the news -- very, very low.
If you still feel scared when you hear about anthrax, remember that it's extremely unlikely that
you or your family or anyone you know will ever be(15)to anthrax spores.
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Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently
Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the masons for the crash."
The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40--63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.
The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots' crashes and 36 percent of males'. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females.
The majority of the crashes--95 percent for females and 88 percent for males--involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females(accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and Visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts.
inattention n.疏忽
flawed adj. 有缺陷的
mishandle v. 瞎弄,乱处理
MPH(Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士
stall v. (飞机) 失速, (发动机) 熄火
kinetics n. 动力学
What is the research at Johns Hopkins University about？
It has been said that the Acts provided a new course of action and did not merely requlate
Which is NOT true about the study？
New Attempts to Eradicate AIDS Virus
A high-profile attempt to eradicate the AIDS virus in a few patients continues to show promise.
But researchers won't know for a year or more whether it will work, scientist David Ho told journalists this Wednesday for the Fourth Conference in Viruses and Infections.
"This is a study that's in progress," says Ho, head of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York.
The study involves 20 people who started combinations of anti-HIV drugs very early in the course of the disease, within 90 days of their infections. They've been treated for up to 18 months. Four others have dropped out because of side effects or problems complying with the exacting drug system.
The drugs have knocked the AIDS virus down to undetectable levels in the blood of all remaining patients. And, in the latest development, scientists have now tested lymph nodes and semen from a few patients and found no virus reproducing there, Ho says. "Bear in mind that undetectable does not equal absent," Ho says.
Ho has calculated that the drugs should be able to wipe out remaining viruses--at least from known reservoirs throughout the body--in two to three years. But the only way to prove eradication would be to stop the drugs and see if the virus comes back. On Wednesday, Ho said he wouldn't ask any patient to consider that step before 2 years of treatment.
And he emphasized that he is not urging widespread adoption of such early, aggressive treatment outside of trials. No one knows the long-term risks.
But other scientists are looking at similar experiments. A federally funded study will put 300 patients on triple-drug treatments and then see if some responding well after six months can continue to suppress the virus on just one or two drugs, says researcher Douglas Richman of the University of California, San Diego. Some patients in that study 'also may be offered the chance to stop therapy after 18 months or more, he says.
According to the passage, the attempt to eradicate the AIDS virus
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