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A．Since his wife died.B．Since he graduated.C．Since he was born.D．Almost half his life.
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Are We Turning into a Nation of Loners？
Marriage is down, and so is childbirth. But divorce is up, along with single-person living. This is Britain today.
A period of unprecedented change in British family life, where adults lead more isolated lives, bringing up children on their own or not having them at all, is described in a report today. The independent Family Policy Studies Centre paints a picture of an evolving society with fewer children, fewer marriages, more divorces and more solo living, where "marriage and partnerships are much more fragile than they were".
Although the government has gone further than any other in developing explicit policies for parenting and marriage, ministers should become "more in tune with contemporary family life", it says. They need to consider the effect of these changes, the report says, not just on children affected by the breakdown of adult relationships, but on society as a whole and "right across the life cycle".
The report says it is still too early to talk of the death of the "traditional family", because four-fifths of dependent children still live in a family with two parents, and nine in ten of those parents are married. But other statistics included in the report demonstrate significant changes in family demographics (人口统计) with profound, often unexplored, consequences.
More than 6.5 million people in Britain—about 28% of households—now live on their own, three times as many as 40 years ago, the report says. Nearly a quarter of women born in 1973 will still be childless at the age of 45, compared with about one in ten of those born in 1943. Women are having children later, on average at 29 rather than at 26, as in the 1970s, and they are having fewer offspring. The average of 1.73 children per woman in the late 1990s, though higher than in most EU countries, is well below the 2.1 needed to retain the population at its present level in the long term.
Lone parents trebled
The 21% of dependent children living in lone parent households (the vast majority with their mother) has trebled (三倍) from the 7% in 1972. The number of lone parents has trebled in the past 25 years—there were about 1.6 million such parents and 2.8 million dependent children by the mid 1990s, compared with just over 500000 lone parents and 1 million dependent children in 1971. Within that 1.6 million, the fastest growing group is single, never-married lone mothers. Their proportion, 42% in 1997, is nearly double the proportion of 24% for 1984.
"Twenty years ago such women would have married only to see their relationship end in separation or divorce," the report says. "Single lone mothers should be seen as the modern equivalent of teenagers in earlier generations whose shotgun marriages (为怀孕所迫的结婚) failed."
The annual marriage rate is at its lowest level since records began 160 years ago. In 1961 approximately 330000 first-time marriages and 50000 remarriages took place. By 1997 these figures had dropped to fewer than 200000 first-time marriages and approximately 120000 remarriages. Of every five marriages, two will end in divorce. More than 150000 children under 16 experience the divorce of their parents, and if present rates continue, 28% of children under 16 will experience divorce. The cost of family breakdown to the public purse has been estimated at about 5 billion a year.
But marriage is still more stable than cohabiting, with couples who live together unmarried three or four times more likely to split up. Future research will show a rise in the proportion of cohabiting couples, from the one in ten in the most recently available figures. And the presence of children in a cohabiting relationship does not appear to reduce the breakdown rate significantly. Although the Centre itself devotes some space in its report to children, it says ministers should broaden their scope to
Robert Subbaraman recently published an inclusive report regarding China's economy, polities, society and foreign policy by himself.
A．By working overtime to earn the money.B．By borrowing money from a bank.C．By relying
听力原文：M: Cindy, would you like to go and see the newly-released film Night at the Museum in the Golden Theater with me tonight？
W: I'd love to, but I have an important appointment with my supervisor. Thanks for asking me, anyway.
Q: What is the woman going to do tonight？
(19)
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