
- Questions 14~16 are based on the following dialogue. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 14~16. What is the most popular kind of T-shirt
- (二) 某城市进行城市道路改造,拟新建一条长10km的城市一级道路,承包商为了保证工程按期按质完成,在施工前首先编制了施工组织设计,在编制路基工程施工组织设计时,除了与总体施工组织设计内容基本相同外,还根据路基工程施工的自身特点,在确定施工方案和进度计划时,重点考虑了以下情况。 (1)施工进度计划; (2)布置好堆料点、运料线、行车路; (3)钻爆作业设计; (4)弃渣场设计; (5)工地施工组织; (6)生产要素配置; (7)施工方法和土石方调配方案。 问题: 项目总体施工组织设计的编制方法和步骤有哪些
- Questions 17~20 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 17~20. Why were dogs used for hunting
- (三) 承担某公路工程项目施工任务的某施工单位,根据有关文件和资料对该公路工程质量控制设置了关键点。该工程技术总负责人负责对技术文件、报告、报表进行了审核和分析,在具体施工中遇到以下情况。 (1)由于第三方的原因,该工程被迫停工,停工时项目经理组织有关人员对其质量进行了检查,均合格,停工15d后复工,项目经理在未检查的情况下指示断续施工。 (2)在某关键工序施工完毕后,为确保工序合格,由施工人员对其质量进行自检后,达到合格标准,紧接着便开始下道工序的施工。 问题: 公路工程质量控制关键点要根据哪些文件和资料的要求设置
- (三) 承担某公路工程项目施工任务的某施工单位,根据有关文件和资料对该公路工程质量控制设置了关键点。该工程技术总负责人负责对技术文件、报告、报表进行了审核和分析,在具体施工中遇到以下情况。 (1)由于第三方的原因,该工程被迫停工,停工时项目经理组织有关人员对其质量进行了检查,均合格,停工15d后复工,项目经理在未检查的情况下指示断续施工。 (2)在某关键工序施工完毕后,为确保工序合格,由施工人员对其质量进行自检后,达到合格标准,紧接着便开始下道工序的施工。 问题: 公路工程现场质量控制的主要方法有哪些
- Part A You will hear a passage about women’ s rights. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1~5 with the information you have heard. Write not more than 3 words in each box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences in question. The packed lunches can be collected _______.
- Questions 17~20 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 17~20. According to the passage, what were dogs trained for in the past
- (四) 某道路工程项目,施工总承包单位项目经理部根据该工程作业内容、土质条件、运距和气象条件,综合分析相关工程和设备的情况,对本工程的施工机械进行了选择和协调。具体施工中的部分工程施工机械的配置如下: (1)对于清基和料场准备等路基施工前的准备工作,选择的施工机械与设备主要有铲运机、装载机、自卸汽车和平地机; (2)对于石方开挖工程,选择的机械与设备主要有推土机、铲运机、挖掘机、凿岩机和自卸汽车; (3)对于石方填筑工程,选择的机械与设备主要有平地机、推土机、洒水车和挖掘机。 问题: 平地机主要用于进行哪些作业
- Questions 17~20 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 17~20. What is the most important reason for people in the city to keep dogs now
- A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分. B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分. C.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来充分. D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分. E.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来也不充分. 圆柱体的体积是32. (1)若圆柱体的侧面积是32,底半径是2 (2)若圆柱体的底面积是4,侧面展开图是一个正方形
- (三) 承担某公路工程项目施工任务的某施工单位,根据有关文件和资料对该公路工程质量控制设置了关键点。该工程技术总负责人负责对技术文件、报告、报表进行了审核和分析,在具体施工中遇到以下情况。 (1)由于第三方的原因,该工程被迫停工,停工时项目经理组织有关人员对其质量进行了检查,均合格,停工15d后复工,项目经理在未检查的情况下指示断续施工。 (2)在某关键工序施工完毕后,为确保工序合格,由施工人员对其质量进行自检后,达到合格标准,紧接着便开始下道工序的施工。 问题: 施工人员对关键工序自检合格后,开始下道工序的施工是否妥当如不妥,应该怎样才可进入下道工序的施工
- (三) 承担某公路工程项目施工任务的某施工单位,根据有关文件和资料对该公路工程质量控制设置了关键点。该工程技术总负责人负责对技术文件、报告、报表进行了审核和分析,在具体施工中遇到以下情况。 (1)由于第三方的原因,该工程被迫停工,停工时项目经理组织有关人员对其质量进行了检查,均合格,停工15d后复工,项目经理在未检查的情况下指示断续施工。 (2)在某关键工序施工完毕后,为确保工序合格,由施工人员对其质量进行自检后,达到合格标准,紧接着便开始下道工序的施工。 问题: 公路工程质量控制关键点的控制内容包括哪些
- Questions 11~13 are based on the following passage. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11~13. Why did the agent call on the speaker so early in the morning
- Questions 11~13 are based on the following passage. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11~13. Why did the speaker sell her house
- (四) 某道路工程项目,施工总承包单位项目经理部根据该工程作业内容、土质条件、运距和气象条件,综合分析相关工程和设备的情况,对本工程的施工机械进行了选择和协调。具体施工中的部分工程施工机械的配置如下: (1)对于清基和料场准备等路基施工前的准备工作,选择的施工机械与设备主要有铲运机、装载机、自卸汽车和平地机; (2)对于石方开挖工程,选择的机械与设备主要有推土机、铲运机、挖掘机、凿岩机和自卸汽车; (3)对于石方填筑工程,选择的机械与设备主要有平地机、推土机、洒水车和挖掘机。 问题: 沥青路面压实机械主要有哪几种
- Questions 14~16 are based on the following dialogue. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 14~16. Why do people like to wear T-shirts so much today
- (一) 某路桥工程公司通过投标获得了某市一高速公路工程的施工,该公路竣工后,进行了工程质量统计与分析,为今后的施工提供了可借鉴的信息。 问题: 公路工程质量常用的分析方法有哪几类并分别说出其作用。
- 现在人们换工作已不是问题。但仍有人认为在一个地方干一辈子比较好。你是如何看的。
- (三) 承担某公路工程项目施工任务的某施工单位,根据有关文件和资料对该公路工程质量控制设置了关键点。该工程技术总负责人负责对技术文件、报告、报表进行了审核和分析,在具体施工中遇到以下情况。 (1)由于第三方的原因,该工程被迫停工,停工时项目经理组织有关人员对其质量进行了检查,均合格,停工15d后复工,项目经理在未检查的情况下指示断续施工。 (2)在某关键工序施工完毕后,为确保工序合格,由施工人员对其质量进行自检后,达到合格标准,紧接着便开始下道工序的施工。 问题: 项目经理在未检查的情况下指示继续施工是否正确并说明理由。
- (一) 某路桥工程公司通过投标获得了某市一高速公路工程的施工,该公路竣工后,进行了工程质量统计与分析,为今后的施工提供了可借鉴的信息。 问题: 公路工程质量统计评定是怎样进行的
- (四) 某道路工程项目,施工总承包单位项目经理部根据该工程作业内容、土质条件、运距和气象条件,综合分析相关工程和设备的情况,对本工程的施工机械进行了选择和协调。具体施工中的部分工程施工机械的配置如下: (1)对于清基和料场准备等路基施工前的准备工作,选择的施工机械与设备主要有铲运机、装载机、自卸汽车和平地机; (2)对于石方开挖工程,选择的机械与设备主要有推土机、铲运机、挖掘机、凿岩机和自卸汽车; (3)对于石方填筑工程,选择的机械与设备主要有平地机、推土机、洒水车和挖掘机。 问题: 水泥混凝土路面施工主要机械设备有哪些
- A.expertB.exitC.exactD.executive
- 刘国出国期间将其所有的一套房子交给朋友王风暂住,后王风未经刘国同意将房子卖给某房地产公司,刘国回国后将王风告上法庭,法院判决主风将卖房所得全部房款还给刘国。王风不服提出上诉,并在二审审理中提出要求刘国返还房屋修缮金的请求。对于该请求的说法以及法院的处理正确的是()。
- 2006年修订的《合伙企业法》增加了有限合伙这种新的合伙类型。在有限合伙企业中,存在有限合伙人和普通合伙人。对这两种合伙人的区别,下列表述正确的是( )。
- (二) 某城市进行城市道路改造,拟新建一条长10km的城市一级道路,承包商为了保证工程按期按质完成,在施工前首先编制了施工组织设计,在编制路基工程施工组织设计时,除了与总体施工组织设计内容基本相同外,还根据路基工程施工的自身特点,在确定施工方案和进度计划时,重点考虑了以下情况。 (1)施工进度计划; (2)布置好堆料点、运料线、行车路; (3)钻爆作业设计; (4)弃渣场设计; (5)工地施工组织; (6)生产要素配置; (7)施工方法和土石方调配方案。 问题: 路面工程施工组织设计编制时,要根据路面工程施工的自身特点充分考虑哪些因素
- 下列选项中对民事法律关系的表述正确的是( )。
- A.reliableB.dialC.parliamentD.giant
- A.yoursB.tourC.sourceD.four
- 刘某诉某医院医疗责任案件,法院于2005年4月20日立案并决定适用普通程序审理。立案后医院提出管辖权异议,法院受理异议lo日后作出驳回该异议的裁定,审理过程中对刘某进行人身鉴定花去 10天的时间,后来法院依据刘某的申请向医院调查收集证据又花去5天的时间。问如果该案中并无其他延长审限的情况,则法院最迟应当于哪天宣告裁判( )
- A.coldnessB.gossipC.pressD.profession
- 在下列选项中,民事行为确定有效的是( )。
- 男性,66岁,急性广泛前壁心肌梗死20小时入院,突然气促,不能平卧,咳嗽,咳出粉红色泡沫痰,血压150/90mmHg,心率120次/分,双肺布满中小水泡音。立即处理不包括以下哪项
- A.negativeB.negotiateC.neatD.nightmare
- 李某向法院起诉要求解除其与刘某的婚姻关系,法院受理该案并开庭审理。法院的做法正确的是哪个( )
- 以下哪些行为属于自力救济的范畴( )
- ( )作为统一本地区量值的依据,在社会上实施计量监督具有公证作用。
- 企业、事业单位建立本单位使用的各项最高计量标准,须经( )人民政府计量行政部门考核合格后,取得计量标准考核证书,才能在本单位内开展检定。
- 以下哪个内容不属于计量法调整的范围( )。
- (二) 某城市进行城市道路改造,拟新建一条长10km的城市一级道路,承包商为了保证工程按期按质完成,在施工前首先编制了施工组织设计,在编制路基工程施工组织设计时,除了与总体施工组织设计内容基本相同外,还根据路基工程施工的自身特点,在确定施工方案和进度计划时,重点考虑了以下情况。 (1)施工进度计划; (2)布置好堆料点、运料线、行车路; (3)钻爆作业设计; (4)弃渣场设计; (5)工地施工组织; (6)生产要素配置; (7)施工方法和土石方调配方案。 问题: 在确定路基工程施工方案和进度计划时考虑的情况中,哪些项不是确定路基工程施工方案和进度计划时应重点考虑的
- Passage Two Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- 国家计量基准是指经国家质检总局批准,在中华人民共和国境内为了定义、实现、保存、复现量的单位或者一个或多个量值,用作有关量的测量标准定值依据的( )。
- Just as a book is often judged outwardly by the quality and appearance of its cover, ______(直接通过外表判断一个人).
- China has outlined a new approach to foreign investment, with planners saying they will now focus less on attracting large amounts of cash and more on selecting investments that will bring skills and technology into the country. The change in tactics, detailed in an official document (36) by the National Development and Reform Commission, comes after more than a year of (37) debate over the role foreign investors should play in China’s economy. China has long been one of the world’s top (38) for foreign investment, and international companies poured in more than $70 billion last year, (39) by the country’s low costs, manufacturing prowess and huge (40) market. But the inroads have caused some (41) among both ordinary people and officials, who also want to see domestic companies do well. The new foreign investment plan, which isn’t a specific (42) but rather a statement of broad principles, does say that regulators will look more closely at foreign (43) of local companies and other issues of "national economic security" that have received increasing attention recently. But the vision it advances represents neither an attempt to completely close off China’s economy nor a new round of liberalization. (44) . For instance, new investments by foreign companies will face stricter environmental and land use standards. (45) . The plan said China will continue to open up service industries, though it offered no commitments beyond those already made to the World Trade Organization. (46) .
- 目前有些大学校园出现贫困大学生“跑腿族” 1.对于这种做法有人表示支持 2.有人并不赞成 3.我的看法 Poor Students’ Running Errands _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________
- Sugarless yoghurt (酸奶) could help beat bad breath, tooth decay and gum disease, say scientists. Japanese researchers found eating the yoghurt (62) levels of hydrogen sulphide (硫化氢) -- a major (63) of bad breath -- in 80% of volunteers. The (64) are active bacteria in yoghurt. Details were (65) at a meeting of the International Association for Dental Research. A(n) (66) of 24 volunteers who participated in the study were given strict instructions (67) oral health, diet and medicine taking. They spent two weeks (68) yoghurts and similar foods, like cheese. Researchers then (39) bacteria levels and odor-causing compounds, (70) hydrogen-sulphide. The volunteers then ate 90 grams of yoghurt a day for six weeks. At the end of the study, researchers took (71) again. They found hydrogen sulphide levels (72) in 80% of participants. Dr. Nigel Carter, chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, said, "The foundation has long been (73) people’s attention to sugar-free yoghurts as a healthy snack, so it is pleasing to hear that it may have oral health benefits we were previously (74) of." "Although this research is still in the early stages there is no (75) that sugar-free yoghurts provide a much healthier (76) to sweets and chocolate, and we would encourage snackers to (77) them into their diet." (78) , Dr. Carter stressed that the best way to beat bad breath was by (79) a good oral health routine. This involves brushing twice-a-day with fluoride (氟化物) toothpaste, cutting (80) on the frequency of sugary snacks and drinks and visiting a dentist (81) .
- An epidemic of swine flu (猪流感) has recently developed in Mexico and the United States, says the CDC. Swine flu has killed many people, and the outbreak has features that suggest it could become a global pandemic (瘟疫). A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads around the whole world. Pandemics also often cause more severe disease than epidemics. Flu is a disease caused by the influenza virus. Humans, pigs, birds and other animals all can be infected by influenza viruses. Typically, influenza viruses can infect only one species, so the influenza viruses of humans are different from those of pigs and birds. However, sometimes a virus can infect more than one species. For examples, pigs sometimes can be infected not only with pig influenza viruses, but also with human and bird influenza viruses. Then these viruses can come up to one another secretly and swap (交换) genes, creating new viruses that have a mix of genes -- from human, pig, and bird viruses. That is what has happened with this new swine flu virus. Sometimes this swapping of genes allows a virus that was originally able to infect only pigs or only birds to also infect humans. When that happens, we refer to the illness as "swine flu" or "bird flu". This current virus could actually be called "swine/bird flu", since it has some genes from pig flu viruses and other genes from bird flu viruses. Most viruses that cause swine flu or bird flu are very hard to pass from one human to another: they don’t cause epidemics. Sometimes, however, further changes in genes create a virus that can spread rapidly among humans, and can produce a more severe illness. One reason this illness is more severe is that the virus is so new. The regular flu that comes each year is caused by a regular human influenza virus that often has similarities to the viruses that have caused the flu in years past, so people have some degree of immunity to the latest virus. The unusual swine flu or bird flu viruses that develop the ability for person-to-person spread are so different that people have little or no immunity to them. The worst global pandemic in modem times was the influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919. It affected about a third of the human race, and killed at least 40 million people in less than a year -- more than those who have been killed by AIDS in three decades. The world economy went into a deep recession. The average length of life dropped for 10 years. Unfortunately, the new swine flu virus can be transmitted between humans. It is not clear yet how easily it is transmitted, nor how it is transmitted. Almost surely it is transmitted by sneezing and coughing, and by skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Which of the following is true about the present swine flu viruses
- The Future of Television: What’s on Next Bosses in the television industry have been keeping a nervous eye on two Scandinavians (斯堪的纳维亚人) with a reputation for causing trouble. In recent years Niklas Zennstrom, a Swede, and Janus Friis, a Dane, have frightened the music industry by inventing KaZaA, a "peer- to-peer" (P2P) file-sharing program that was widely used to download music without paying for it. Then they horrified the mighty telecoms industry by inventing Skype, another P2P program, which lets Internet users make free telephone calls between computers, and very cheap calls to ordinary phones. Their next move was to found yet another start-up -- this time, one that threatened to devastate (毁坏) the television industry. It may do the opposite, as it turns out. The new service, called Joost and now in advanced testing, is based on P2P software that runs on people’s computers, just like Skype and KaZaA. And it does indeed promise to transform the experience of watching television by combining what people like about old-fashioned TV with the exciting possibilities of the Internet. "But unlike KaZaA and Skype," says Fredrik de Wahl, a Swede whom Mr. Zennstrom and Friis have hired as Joost’s boss, "Joost does not disrupt the industry that it is entering. Instead, rather than undercutting television networks and producers, Joost might, as it were, give them new juice." That is because Mr. de Wahl and his Joost team, working mostly in the Netherlands, have bravely ignored the totems (图腾) of the Internet-video boom. Chief among these fashions is letting users upload anything they want to a video service -- which might include clips of themselves doing odd things ("user-generated content") or, more questionably, videos pirated from other sources. The celebrated example of this approach is YouTube, which is now part of Google, the leader in Internet search. Its big problem, however, is that it can be illegal (if copyright is violated) and terribly hard to turn into a business. On February 2nd Viacom, an American media giant, became the latest company to demand that YouTube remove copyright-infringing (侵犯版权的) clips from its website. YouTube has struck deals with some media firms, including NBC and CBS, to allow their material to appear on its site, and had been trying to thrash out a similar agreement with Viacom. Many observers regard Viacom’s move as a negotiating tactic. But whether YouTube can make money is unclear. Last month Chad Hurley, YouTube’s chief executive, sketched out plans for generating advertising revenues and sharing them with content providers, but so far his firm has none to speak of. The Innovation of Joost Joost is also ignoring the two business models seen as the most respectable alternatives to advertising. One is to make users pay for each television show or film they download, but then to let them keep it. This is the tack chosen by Apple, an electronics firm that sells videos on iTunes, its popular online store; by Amazon, the largest online retailer; and by Wal-Mart, the largest traditional retailer, which launched a video-download service this week. The other approach is to let users subscribe to what is, in effect, an all-you-can-eat buffet of videos, and then to "stream" video to their computers without leaving a permanent copy. This is the approach taken by, for instance, Netflix, a Californian firm that mostly delivers DVDs to its subscribers by post, but now also streams films. The reason that Joost is ignoring all of these methods, says Mr. de Wahl, is that none has much to do with the experience of simply watching TV, which most people enjoy. "Unlike the download or streaming approaches," he says, "TV is not about buying today what you want to watch tomorrow. It’s about turning it on and watching." And in contrast to the "lean-forward" context of "snacking" on a YouTube clip in one’s cubicle while the boss has stepped out, TV is a longer and more relaxed "lean-backward" experience. Hence Joost’s most shocking innovation, which is not to change the practices that TV adopted decades ago. It will be free, with advertising breaks -- no more than three minutes per hour -- either before, during or after a show, depending on the market. "Americans," says Mr. de Wahl, "are more tolerant of interruptions." Joost has "channels", like ordinary TV, but these are now playlists of videos that start whenever it is convenient to the viewer. Viewers can import their instant-messaging buddy lists and chat online with friends while watching the same program. For advertisers, such engagement is worth something, because the activity proves that somebody is watching, rather than being asleep or out of the room. Combined with other information, such as the computer’s IP address and hence its location, advertisers will be able to target their spots much more accurately -- all "Desperate Housewives" fans in a particular neighborhood, for example -- and thus ought to pay a premium. The Combination of Television and the Internet The thing that is missing in this new vision of television, however, is the set itself. Beaming video from a computer to a television is possible: Apple and other firms are starting to sell the necessary gadgets. But until it becomes much easier to connect televisions to the Internet, big media companies are likely to "wait and see" before committing to Joost, says Jeremy Allaire, the boss of Brightcove, a rival Internet-video firm based in Massachusetts. In the meantime, Mr. Allaire thinks, media firms are mainly interested in building their own brands, so Brightcove provides content owners with technology to show television on their own websites, syndicate their shows to other websites, track audiences and collect advertising revenue. There is, in short, no consensus about the best way to combine television with the Internet. Instead, there are a variety of experiments, of which Joost is the latest example and YouTube the best-known. But with telephony, the Internet is unpicking (拆开) service delivery from network ownership. Joost, YouTube, iTunes and Netflix do not need their own networks to supply their video services: they can rely on fast Internet links provided by others. According to iSuppli, a market-research firm, Internet downloads will claim more than one- third of the market for on-demand video by 2010. So just as Internet telephony has been bad for traditional phone companies, this "Internet bypass" could be bad for the "on demand" video services being offered by cable-TV and telecoms firms over their networks. But by bringing television to more screens, this could provide new models for program-makers to finance their productions and offer advertisers new ways to reach constraints. And so Joost and rival services could end up rejuvenating (使变得年轻) the 75-year-old medium. Joost’s innovative business model is free videos with ______.
- Passage Three Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- The curse of jet lag has struck most international travelers at one time or another -- and anyone lucky enough to have avoided it will surely have suffered the equally unpleasant sleep-deprivation involved in an early-morning start. Nor, as shift workers know too, is it possible to escape by going to bed earlier the previous evening, and thus putting sleep in the bank. Sleepiness is controlled by the body’s internal biological clock, so an earlier bedtime just means several wakeful hours staring in frustration at a darkened ceiling. For years, some travelers and shift workers have sworn by melatonin (褪黑素). This is a hormone that regulates the biological clock. It is made in the brain by a structure called the pineal gland (松果体), as darkness sets in after sunset. Light is the one that keeps the biological clock in the same pace with solar time. The clock then tells the brain when to go to sleep. The theory of those who use melatonin is that an external dose of it can reset the clock, and thus cause the "go to sleep" signal to be sent at a more convenient moment~ Melatonin can also increase sleepiness during the day, when the pineal gland is not producing it. This has resulted in a growing, and often unregulated, market in melatonin-supplement tablets. The pharmaceutical industry’s response to this seems to be: "If you can’t beat them, join them." A paper in this week’s Lancet, by Shantha Rajaratnam of the Harvard Medical School and his colleagues, reports two trials, funded by drug companies, of tasimelteon, a substance that binds to the same receptors in the brain as melatonin does, and which it is expected will have a similar effect. In the course of these trials, more than 400 people had their bedtimes brought forward by five hours in controlled conditions. Half an hour before lights out, a quarter of them were given common drug, while the remaining three-quarters were given varying doses of tasimelteon. Dr. Rajaratnam and his colleagues report that the new drug let people fall asleep faster at the unnaturally early time, and also allowed them to sleep longer than those given the common one. Shantha Rajaratnam’s team finds that tasimelteon works ______ than melatonin.
- 硫脲类最严重的不良反应是
- Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- Sugarless yoghurt (酸奶) could help beat bad breath, tooth decay and gum disease, say scientists. Japanese researchers found eating the yoghurt (62) levels of hydrogen sulphide (硫化氢) -- a major (63) of bad breath -- in 80% of volunteers. The (64) are active bacteria in yoghurt. Details were (65) at a meeting of the International Association for Dental Research. A(n) (66) of 24 volunteers who participated in the study were given strict instructions (67) oral health, diet and medicine taking. They spent two weeks (68) yoghurts and similar foods, like cheese. Researchers then (39) bacteria levels and odor-causing compounds, (70) hydrogen-sulphide. The volunteers then ate 90 grams of yoghurt a day for six weeks. At the end of the study, researchers took (71) again. They found hydrogen sulphide levels (72) in 80% of participants. Dr. Nigel Carter, chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, said, "The foundation has long been (73) people’s attention to sugar-free yoghurts as a healthy snack, so it is pleasing to hear that it may have oral health benefits we were previously (74) of." "Although this research is still in the early stages there is no (75) that sugar-free yoghurts provide a much healthier (76) to sweets and chocolate, and we would encourage snackers to (77) them into their diet." (78) , Dr. Carter stressed that the best way to beat bad breath was by (79) a good oral health routine. This involves brushing twice-a-day with fluoride (氟化物) toothpaste, cutting (80) on the frequency of sugary snacks and drinks and visiting a dentist (81) .
- (四) 某道路工程项目,施工总承包单位项目经理部根据该工程作业内容、土质条件、运距和气象条件,综合分析相关工程和设备的情况,对本工程的施工机械进行了选择和协调。具体施工中的部分工程施工机械的配置如下: (1)对于清基和料场准备等路基施工前的准备工作,选择的施工机械与设备主要有铲运机、装载机、自卸汽车和平地机; (2)对于石方开挖工程,选择的机械与设备主要有推土机、铲运机、挖掘机、凿岩机和自卸汽车; (3)对于石方填筑工程,选择的机械与设备主要有平地机、推土机、洒水车和挖掘机。 问题: 常用的推土机有哪几种类型
- An epidemic of swine flu (猪流感) has recently developed in Mexico and the United States, says the CDC. Swine flu has killed many people, and the outbreak has features that suggest it could become a global pandemic (瘟疫). A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads around the whole world. Pandemics also often cause more severe disease than epidemics. Flu is a disease caused by the influenza virus. Humans, pigs, birds and other animals all can be infected by influenza viruses. Typically, influenza viruses can infect only one species, so the influenza viruses of humans are different from those of pigs and birds. However, sometimes a virus can infect more than one species. For examples, pigs sometimes can be infected not only with pig influenza viruses, but also with human and bird influenza viruses. Then these viruses can come up to one another secretly and swap (交换) genes, creating new viruses that have a mix of genes -- from human, pig, and bird viruses. That is what has happened with this new swine flu virus. Sometimes this swapping of genes allows a virus that was originally able to infect only pigs or only birds to also infect humans. When that happens, we refer to the illness as "swine flu" or "bird flu". This current virus could actually be called "swine/bird flu", since it has some genes from pig flu viruses and other genes from bird flu viruses. Most viruses that cause swine flu or bird flu are very hard to pass from one human to another: they don’t cause epidemics. Sometimes, however, further changes in genes create a virus that can spread rapidly among humans, and can produce a more severe illness. One reason this illness is more severe is that the virus is so new. The regular flu that comes each year is caused by a regular human influenza virus that often has similarities to the viruses that have caused the flu in years past, so people have some degree of immunity to the latest virus. The unusual swine flu or bird flu viruses that develop the ability for person-to-person spread are so different that people have little or no immunity to them. The worst global pandemic in modem times was the influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919. It affected about a third of the human race, and killed at least 40 million people in less than a year -- more than those who have been killed by AIDS in three decades. The world economy went into a deep recession. The average length of life dropped for 10 years. Unfortunately, the new swine flu virus can be transmitted between humans. It is not clear yet how easily it is transmitted, nor how it is transmitted. Almost surely it is transmitted by sneezing and coughing, and by skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. The influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919 ______.
- Passage Two Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- Sugarless yoghurt (酸奶) could help beat bad breath, tooth decay and gum disease, say scientists. Japanese researchers found eating the yoghurt (62) levels of hydrogen sulphide (硫化氢) -- a major (63) of bad breath -- in 80% of volunteers. The (64) are active bacteria in yoghurt. Details were (65) at a meeting of the International Association for Dental Research. A(n) (66) of 24 volunteers who participated in the study were given strict instructions (67) oral health, diet and medicine taking. They spent two weeks (68) yoghurts and similar foods, like cheese. Researchers then (39) bacteria levels and odor-causing compounds, (70) hydrogen-sulphide. The volunteers then ate 90 grams of yoghurt a day for six weeks. At the end of the study, researchers took (71) again. They found hydrogen sulphide levels (72) in 80% of participants. Dr. Nigel Carter, chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, said, "The foundation has long been (73) people’s attention to sugar-free yoghurts as a healthy snack, so it is pleasing to hear that it may have oral health benefits we were previously (74) of." "Although this research is still in the early stages there is no (75) that sugar-free yoghurts provide a much healthier (76) to sweets and chocolate, and we would encourage snackers to (77) them into their diet." (78) , Dr. Carter stressed that the best way to beat bad breath was by (79) a good oral health routine. This involves brushing twice-a-day with fluoride (氟化物) toothpaste, cutting (80) on the frequency of sugary snacks and drinks and visiting a dentist (81) .
- An epidemic of swine flu (猪流感) has recently developed in Mexico and the United States, says the CDC. Swine flu has killed many people, and the outbreak has features that suggest it could become a global pandemic (瘟疫). A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads around the whole world. Pandemics also often cause more severe disease than epidemics. Flu is a disease caused by the influenza virus. Humans, pigs, birds and other animals all can be infected by influenza viruses. Typically, influenza viruses can infect only one species, so the influenza viruses of humans are different from those of pigs and birds. However, sometimes a virus can infect more than one species. For examples, pigs sometimes can be infected not only with pig influenza viruses, but also with human and bird influenza viruses. Then these viruses can come up to one another secretly and swap (交换) genes, creating new viruses that have a mix of genes -- from human, pig, and bird viruses. That is what has happened with this new swine flu virus. Sometimes this swapping of genes allows a virus that was originally able to infect only pigs or only birds to also infect humans. When that happens, we refer to the illness as "swine flu" or "bird flu". This current virus could actually be called "swine/bird flu", since it has some genes from pig flu viruses and other genes from bird flu viruses. Most viruses that cause swine flu or bird flu are very hard to pass from one human to another: they don’t cause epidemics. Sometimes, however, further changes in genes create a virus that can spread rapidly among humans, and can produce a more severe illness. One reason this illness is more severe is that the virus is so new. The regular flu that comes each year is caused by a regular human influenza virus that often has similarities to the viruses that have caused the flu in years past, so people have some degree of immunity to the latest virus. The unusual swine flu or bird flu viruses that develop the ability for person-to-person spread are so different that people have little or no immunity to them. The worst global pandemic in modem times was the influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919. It affected about a third of the human race, and killed at least 40 million people in less than a year -- more than those who have been killed by AIDS in three decades. The world economy went into a deep recession. The average length of life dropped for 10 years. Unfortunately, the new swine flu virus can be transmitted between humans. It is not clear yet how easily it is transmitted, nor how it is transmitted. Almost surely it is transmitted by sneezing and coughing, and by skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. The current swine flu threatens the humans more severely than previous flus because ______.
- Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- Sugarless yoghurt (酸奶) could help beat bad breath, tooth decay and gum disease, say scientists. Japanese researchers found eating the yoghurt (62) levels of hydrogen sulphide (硫化氢) -- a major (63) of bad breath -- in 80% of volunteers. The (64) are active bacteria in yoghurt. Details were (65) at a meeting of the International Association for Dental Research. A(n) (66) of 24 volunteers who participated in the study were given strict instructions (67) oral health, diet and medicine taking. They spent two weeks (68) yoghurts and similar foods, like cheese. Researchers then (39) bacteria levels and odor-causing compounds, (70) hydrogen-sulphide. The volunteers then ate 90 grams of yoghurt a day for six weeks. At the end of the study, researchers took (71) again. They found hydrogen sulphide levels (72) in 80% of participants. Dr. Nigel Carter, chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, said, "The foundation has long been (73) people’s attention to sugar-free yoghurts as a healthy snack, so it is pleasing to hear that it may have oral health benefits we were previously (74) of." "Although this research is still in the early stages there is no (75) that sugar-free yoghurts provide a much healthier (76) to sweets and chocolate, and we would encourage snackers to (77) them into their diet." (78) , Dr. Carter stressed that the best way to beat bad breath was by (79) a good oral health routine. This involves brushing twice-a-day with fluoride (氟化物) toothpaste, cutting (80) on the frequency of sugary snacks and drinks and visiting a dentist (81) .
- The Future of Television: What’s on Next Bosses in the television industry have been keeping a nervous eye on two Scandinavians (斯堪的纳维亚人) with a reputation for causing trouble. In recent years Niklas Zennstrom, a Swede, and Janus Friis, a Dane, have frightened the music industry by inventing KaZaA, a "peer- to-peer" (P2P) file-sharing program that was widely used to download music without paying for it. Then they horrified the mighty telecoms industry by inventing Skype, another P2P program, which lets Internet users make free telephone calls between computers, and very cheap calls to ordinary phones. Their next move was to found yet another start-up -- this time, one that threatened to devastate (毁坏) the television industry. It may do the opposite, as it turns out. The new service, called Joost and now in advanced testing, is based on P2P software that runs on people’s computers, just like Skype and KaZaA. And it does indeed promise to transform the experience of watching television by combining what people like about old-fashioned TV with the exciting possibilities of the Internet. "But unlike KaZaA and Skype," says Fredrik de Wahl, a Swede whom Mr. Zennstrom and Friis have hired as Joost’s boss, "Joost does not disrupt the industry that it is entering. Instead, rather than undercutting television networks and producers, Joost might, as it were, give them new juice." That is because Mr. de Wahl and his Joost team, working mostly in the Netherlands, have bravely ignored the totems (图腾) of the Internet-video boom. Chief among these fashions is letting users upload anything they want to a video service -- which might include clips of themselves doing odd things ("user-generated content") or, more questionably, videos pirated from other sources. The celebrated example of this approach is YouTube, which is now part of Google, the leader in Internet search. Its big problem, however, is that it can be illegal (if copyright is violated) and terribly hard to turn into a business. On February 2nd Viacom, an American media giant, became the latest company to demand that YouTube remove copyright-infringing (侵犯版权的) clips from its website. YouTube has struck deals with some media firms, including NBC and CBS, to allow their material to appear on its site, and had been trying to thrash out a similar agreement with Viacom. Many observers regard Viacom’s move as a negotiating tactic. But whether YouTube can make money is unclear. Last month Chad Hurley, YouTube’s chief executive, sketched out plans for generating advertising revenues and sharing them with content providers, but so far his firm has none to speak of. The Innovation of Joost Joost is also ignoring the two business models seen as the most respectable alternatives to advertising. One is to make users pay for each television show or film they download, but then to let them keep it. This is the tack chosen by Apple, an electronics firm that sells videos on iTunes, its popular online store; by Amazon, the largest online retailer; and by Wal-Mart, the largest traditional retailer, which launched a video-download service this week. The other approach is to let users subscribe to what is, in effect, an all-you-can-eat buffet of videos, and then to "stream" video to their computers without leaving a permanent copy. This is the approach taken by, for instance, Netflix, a Californian firm that mostly delivers DVDs to its subscribers by post, but now also streams films. The reason that Joost is ignoring all of these methods, says Mr. de Wahl, is that none has much to do with the experience of simply watching TV, which most people enjoy. "Unlike the download or streaming approaches," he says, "TV is not about buying today what you want to watch tomorrow. It’s about turning it on and watching." And in contrast to the "lean-forward" context of "snacking" on a YouTube clip in one’s cubicle while the boss has stepped out, TV is a longer and more relaxed "lean-backward" experience. Hence Joost’s most shocking innovation, which is not to change the practices that TV adopted decades ago. It will be free, with advertising breaks -- no more than three minutes per hour -- either before, during or after a show, depending on the market. "Americans," says Mr. de Wahl, "are more tolerant of interruptions." Joost has "channels", like ordinary TV, but these are now playlists of videos that start whenever it is convenient to the viewer. Viewers can import their instant-messaging buddy lists and chat online with friends while watching the same program. For advertisers, such engagement is worth something, because the activity proves that somebody is watching, rather than being asleep or out of the room. Combined with other information, such as the computer’s IP address and hence its location, advertisers will be able to target their spots much more accurately -- all "Desperate Housewives" fans in a particular neighborhood, for example -- and thus ought to pay a premium. The Combination of Television and the Internet The thing that is missing in this new vision of television, however, is the set itself. Beaming video from a computer to a television is possible: Apple and other firms are starting to sell the necessary gadgets. But until it becomes much easier to connect televisions to the Internet, big media companies are likely to "wait and see" before committing to Joost, says Jeremy Allaire, the boss of Brightcove, a rival Internet-video firm based in Massachusetts. In the meantime, Mr. Allaire thinks, media firms are mainly interested in building their own brands, so Brightcove provides content owners with technology to show television on their own websites, syndicate their shows to other websites, track audiences and collect advertising revenue. There is, in short, no consensus about the best way to combine television with the Internet. Instead, there are a variety of experiments, of which Joost is the latest example and YouTube the best-known. But with telephony, the Internet is unpicking (拆开) service delivery from network ownership. Joost, YouTube, iTunes and Netflix do not need their own networks to supply their video services: they can rely on fast Internet links provided by others. According to iSuppli, a market-research firm, Internet downloads will claim more than one- third of the market for on-demand video by 2010. So just as Internet telephony has been bad for traditional phone companies, this "Internet bypass" could be bad for the "on demand" video services being offered by cable-TV and telecoms firms over their networks. But by bringing television to more screens, this could provide new models for program-makers to finance their productions and offer advertisers new ways to reach constraints. And so Joost and rival services could end up rejuvenating (使变得年轻) the 75-year-old medium. Brightcove profits by making use of media firms’ wish to ______.
- 患者,男性,30岁。到非洲出差回国10天后,出现寒战、面色苍白、肢体厥冷等症状,持续半小时左右继以高热、面色潮红伴头痛等症状。诊断为疟疾间日疟。 为控制疟疾症状,应选择的药物是
- 碘制剂的不良反应是
- 消化道溃疡可用
- Sugarless yoghurt (酸奶) could help beat bad breath, tooth decay and gum disease, say scientists. Japanese researchers found eating the yoghurt (62) levels of hydrogen sulphide (硫化氢) -- a major (63) of bad breath -- in 80% of volunteers. The (64) are active bacteria in yoghurt. Details were (65) at a meeting of the International Association for Dental Research. A(n) (66) of 24 volunteers who participated in the study were given strict instructions (67) oral health, diet and medicine taking. They spent two weeks (68) yoghurts and similar foods, like cheese. Researchers then (39) bacteria levels and odor-causing compounds, (70) hydrogen-sulphide. The volunteers then ate 90 grams of yoghurt a day for six weeks. At the end of the study, researchers took (71) again. They found hydrogen sulphide levels (72) in 80% of participants. Dr. Nigel Carter, chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, said, "The foundation has long been (73) people’s attention to sugar-free yoghurts as a healthy snack, so it is pleasing to hear that it may have oral health benefits we were previously (74) of." "Although this research is still in the early stages there is no (75) that sugar-free yoghurts provide a much healthier (76) to sweets and chocolate, and we would encourage snackers to (77) them into their diet." (78) , Dr. Carter stressed that the best way to beat bad breath was by (79) a good oral health routine. This involves brushing twice-a-day with fluoride (氟化物) toothpaste, cutting (80) on the frequency of sugary snacks and drinks and visiting a dentist (81) .
- The Future of Television: What’s on Next Bosses in the television industry have been keeping a nervous eye on two Scandinavians (斯堪的纳维亚人) with a reputation for causing trouble. In recent years Niklas Zennstrom, a Swede, and Janus Friis, a Dane, have frightened the music industry by inventing KaZaA, a "peer- to-peer" (P2P) file-sharing program that was widely used to download music without paying for it. Then they horrified the mighty telecoms industry by inventing Skype, another P2P program, which lets Internet users make free telephone calls between computers, and very cheap calls to ordinary phones. Their next move was to found yet another start-up -- this time, one that threatened to devastate (毁坏) the television industry. It may do the opposite, as it turns out. The new service, called Joost and now in advanced testing, is based on P2P software that runs on people’s computers, just like Skype and KaZaA. And it does indeed promise to transform the experience of watching television by combining what people like about old-fashioned TV with the exciting possibilities of the Internet. "But unlike KaZaA and Skype," says Fredrik de Wahl, a Swede whom Mr. Zennstrom and Friis have hired as Joost’s boss, "Joost does not disrupt the industry that it is entering. Instead, rather than undercutting television networks and producers, Joost might, as it were, give them new juice." That is because Mr. de Wahl and his Joost team, working mostly in the Netherlands, have bravely ignored the totems (图腾) of the Internet-video boom. Chief among these fashions is letting users upload anything they want to a video service -- which might include clips of themselves doing odd things ("user-generated content") or, more questionably, videos pirated from other sources. The celebrated example of this approach is YouTube, which is now part of Google, the leader in Internet search. Its big problem, however, is that it can be illegal (if copyright is violated) and terribly hard to turn into a business. On February 2nd Viacom, an American media giant, became the latest company to demand that YouTube remove copyright-infringing (侵犯版权的) clips from its website. YouTube has struck deals with some media firms, including NBC and CBS, to allow their material to appear on its site, and had been trying to thrash out a similar agreement with Viacom. Many observers regard Viacom’s move as a negotiating tactic. But whether YouTube can make money is unclear. Last month Chad Hurley, YouTube’s chief executive, sketched out plans for generating advertising revenues and sharing them with content providers, but so far his firm has none to speak of. The Innovation of Joost Joost is also ignoring the two business models seen as the most respectable alternatives to advertising. One is to make users pay for each television show or film they download, but then to let them keep it. This is the tack chosen by Apple, an electronics firm that sells videos on iTunes, its popular online store; by Amazon, the largest online retailer; and by Wal-Mart, the largest traditional retailer, which launched a video-download service this week. The other approach is to let users subscribe to what is, in effect, an all-you-can-eat buffet of videos, and then to "stream" video to their computers without leaving a permanent copy. This is the approach taken by, for instance, Netflix, a Californian firm that mostly delivers DVDs to its subscribers by post, but now also streams films. The reason that Joost is ignoring all of these methods, says Mr. de Wahl, is that none has much to do with the experience of simply watching TV, which most people enjoy. "Unlike the download or streaming approaches," he says, "TV is not about buying today what you want to watch tomorrow. It’s about turning it on and watching." And in contrast to the "lean-forward" context of "snacking" on a YouTube clip in one’s cubicle while the boss has stepped out, TV is a longer and more relaxed "lean-backward" experience. Hence Joost’s most shocking innovation, which is not to change the practices that TV adopted decades ago. It will be free, with advertising breaks -- no more than three minutes per hour -- either before, during or after a show, depending on the market. "Americans," says Mr. de Wahl, "are more tolerant of interruptions." Joost has "channels", like ordinary TV, but these are now playlists of videos that start whenever it is convenient to the viewer. Viewers can import their instant-messaging buddy lists and chat online with friends while watching the same program. For advertisers, such engagement is worth something, because the activity proves that somebody is watching, rather than being asleep or out of the room. Combined with other information, such as the computer’s IP address and hence its location, advertisers will be able to target their spots much more accurately -- all "Desperate Housewives" fans in a particular neighborhood, for example -- and thus ought to pay a premium. The Combination of Television and the Internet The thing that is missing in this new vision of television, however, is the set itself. Beaming video from a computer to a television is possible: Apple and other firms are starting to sell the necessary gadgets. But until it becomes much easier to connect televisions to the Internet, big media companies are likely to "wait and see" before committing to Joost, says Jeremy Allaire, the boss of Brightcove, a rival Internet-video firm based in Massachusetts. In the meantime, Mr. Allaire thinks, media firms are mainly interested in building their own brands, so Brightcove provides content owners with technology to show television on their own websites, syndicate their shows to other websites, track audiences and collect advertising revenue. There is, in short, no consensus about the best way to combine television with the Internet. Instead, there are a variety of experiments, of which Joost is the latest example and YouTube the best-known. But with telephony, the Internet is unpicking (拆开) service delivery from network ownership. Joost, YouTube, iTunes and Netflix do not need their own networks to supply their video services: they can rely on fast Internet links provided by others. According to iSuppli, a market-research firm, Internet downloads will claim more than one- third of the market for on-demand video by 2010. So just as Internet telephony has been bad for traditional phone companies, this "Internet bypass" could be bad for the "on demand" video services being offered by cable-TV and telecoms firms over their networks. But by bringing television to more screens, this could provide new models for program-makers to finance their productions and offer advertisers new ways to reach constraints. And so Joost and rival services could end up rejuvenating (使变得年轻) the 75-year-old medium. Online service delivery of one company can be supplied through network of another thanks to ______.
- The Future of Television: What’s on Next Bosses in the television industry have been keeping a nervous eye on two Scandinavians (斯堪的纳维亚人) with a reputation for causing trouble. In recent years Niklas Zennstrom, a Swede, and Janus Friis, a Dane, have frightened the music industry by inventing KaZaA, a "peer- to-peer" (P2P) file-sharing program that was widely used to download music without paying for it. Then they horrified the mighty telecoms industry by inventing Skype, another P2P program, which lets Internet users make free telephone calls between computers, and very cheap calls to ordinary phones. Their next move was to found yet another start-up -- this time, one that threatened to devastate (毁坏) the television industry. It may do the opposite, as it turns out. The new service, called Joost and now in advanced testing, is based on P2P software that runs on people’s computers, just like Skype and KaZaA. And it does indeed promise to transform the experience of watching television by combining what people like about old-fashioned TV with the exciting possibilities of the Internet. "But unlike KaZaA and Skype," says Fredrik de Wahl, a Swede whom Mr. Zennstrom and Friis have hired as Joost’s boss, "Joost does not disrupt the industry that it is entering. Instead, rather than undercutting television networks and producers, Joost might, as it were, give them new juice." That is because Mr. de Wahl and his Joost team, working mostly in the Netherlands, have bravely ignored the totems (图腾) of the Internet-video boom. Chief among these fashions is letting users upload anything they want to a video service -- which might include clips of themselves doing odd things ("user-generated content") or, more questionably, videos pirated from other sources. The celebrated example of this approach is YouTube, which is now part of Google, the leader in Internet search. Its big problem, however, is that it can be illegal (if copyright is violated) and terribly hard to turn into a business. On February 2nd Viacom, an American media giant, became the latest company to demand that YouTube remove copyright-infringing (侵犯版权的) clips from its website. YouTube has struck deals with some media firms, including NBC and CBS, to allow their material to appear on its site, and had been trying to thrash out a similar agreement with Viacom. Many observers regard Viacom’s move as a negotiating tactic. But whether YouTube can make money is unclear. Last month Chad Hurley, YouTube’s chief executive, sketched out plans for generating advertising revenues and sharing them with content providers, but so far his firm has none to speak of. The Innovation of Joost Joost is also ignoring the two business models seen as the most respectable alternatives to advertising. One is to make users pay for each television show or film they download, but then to let them keep it. This is the tack chosen by Apple, an electronics firm that sells videos on iTunes, its popular online store; by Amazon, the largest online retailer; and by Wal-Mart, the largest traditional retailer, which launched a video-download service this week. The other approach is to let users subscribe to what is, in effect, an all-you-can-eat buffet of videos, and then to "stream" video to their computers without leaving a permanent copy. This is the approach taken by, for instance, Netflix, a Californian firm that mostly delivers DVDs to its subscribers by post, but now also streams films. The reason that Joost is ignoring all of these methods, says Mr. de Wahl, is that none has much to do with the experience of simply watching TV, which most people enjoy. "Unlike the download or streaming approaches," he says, "TV is not about buying today what you want to watch tomorrow. It’s about turning it on and watching." And in contrast to the "lean-forward" context of "snacking" on a YouTube clip in one’s cubicle while the boss has stepped out, TV is a longer and more relaxed "lean-backward" experience. Hence Joost’s most shocking innovation, which is not to change the practices that TV adopted decades ago. It will be free, with advertising breaks -- no more than three minutes per hour -- either before, during or after a show, depending on the market. "Americans," says Mr. de Wahl, "are more tolerant of interruptions." Joost has "channels", like ordinary TV, but these are now playlists of videos that start whenever it is convenient to the viewer. Viewers can import their instant-messaging buddy lists and chat online with friends while watching the same program. For advertisers, such engagement is worth something, because the activity proves that somebody is watching, rather than being asleep or out of the room. Combined with other information, such as the computer’s IP address and hence its location, advertisers will be able to target their spots much more accurately -- all "Desperate Housewives" fans in a particular neighborhood, for example -- and thus ought to pay a premium. The Combination of Television and the Internet The thing that is missing in this new vision of television, however, is the set itself. Beaming video from a computer to a television is possible: Apple and other firms are starting to sell the necessary gadgets. But until it becomes much easier to connect televisions to the Internet, big media companies are likely to "wait and see" before committing to Joost, says Jeremy Allaire, the boss of Brightcove, a rival Internet-video firm based in Massachusetts. In the meantime, Mr. Allaire thinks, media firms are mainly interested in building their own brands, so Brightcove provides content owners with technology to show television on their own websites, syndicate their shows to other websites, track audiences and collect advertising revenue. There is, in short, no consensus about the best way to combine television with the Internet. Instead, there are a variety of experiments, of which Joost is the latest example and YouTube the best-known. But with telephony, the Internet is unpicking (拆开) service delivery from network ownership. Joost, YouTube, iTunes and Netflix do not need their own networks to supply their video services: they can rely on fast Internet links provided by others. According to iSuppli, a market-research firm, Internet downloads will claim more than one- third of the market for on-demand video by 2010. So just as Internet telephony has been bad for traditional phone companies, this "Internet bypass" could be bad for the "on demand" video services being offered by cable-TV and telecoms firms over their networks. But by bringing television to more screens, this could provide new models for program-makers to finance their productions and offer advertisers new ways to reach constraints. And so Joost and rival services could end up rejuvenating (使变得年轻) the 75-year-old medium. What is the difference between Joost and KaZaA according to Fredrik de Wahl
- Sugarless yoghurt (酸奶) could help beat bad breath, tooth decay and gum disease, say scientists. Japanese researchers found eating the yoghurt (62) levels of hydrogen sulphide (硫化氢) -- a major (63) of bad breath -- in 80% of volunteers. The (64) are active bacteria in yoghurt. Details were (65) at a meeting of the International Association for Dental Research. A(n) (66) of 24 volunteers who participated in the study were given strict instructions (67) oral health, diet and medicine taking. They spent two weeks (68) yoghurts and similar foods, like cheese. Researchers then (39) bacteria levels and odor-causing compounds, (70) hydrogen-sulphide. The volunteers then ate 90 grams of yoghurt a day for six weeks. At the end of the study, researchers took (71) again. They found hydrogen sulphide levels (72) in 80% of participants. Dr. Nigel Carter, chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, said, "The foundation has long been (73) people’s attention to sugar-free yoghurts as a healthy snack, so it is pleasing to hear that it may have oral health benefits we were previously (74) of." "Although this research is still in the early stages there is no (75) that sugar-free yoghurts provide a much healthier (76) to sweets and chocolate, and we would encourage snackers to (77) them into their diet." (78) , Dr. Carter stressed that the best way to beat bad breath was by (79) a good oral health routine. This involves brushing twice-a-day with fluoride (氟化物) toothpaste, cutting (80) on the frequency of sugary snacks and drinks and visiting a dentist (81) .
- For many years, people believed that the brain, like the body, rested during sleep. After all, we are rendered unconscious by sleep. Perhaps, it was thought, the brain just needs to stop thinking for a few hours every day. Wrong. During sleep, our brain -- the organ that directs us to sleep -- is itself extraordinarily active. And much of that activity helps the brain to learn, to remember and to make connections. It wasn’t so long ago that the regretful joke in research circles was that everyone knew sleep had something to do with memory -- except for the people who study sleep and the people who study memory. Then, in 1994, Israeli researchers reported that the average performance for a group of people on a memory test improved when the test was repeated after a break of many hours -- during which some subjects slept and others did not. In 2000, a Harvard team demonstrated that this improvement occurred only during sleep. There are several different types of memory -- including declarative (fact-based information), episodic (events from your life) and procedural (how to do something) -- and researchers have designed ways to test each of them. In almost every case, whether the test involves remembering pairs of words, tapping numbered keys in a certain order or figuring out the rules in a weather- prediction game, "sleeping on it" after first learning the task improves performance. It’s as if our brains squeeze in some extra practice time while we’re asleep. This isn’t to say that we can’t form memories when we’re awake. If someone tells you his name, you don’t need to fall asleep to remember it. But sleep will make it more likely that you do. Sleep-deprivation experiments have shown that a tired brain has a difficult time capturing memories of all sorts. Interestingly, sleep deprivation is more likely to cause us to forget information associated with positive emotion than information linked to negative emotion. This could explain, at least in part, why sleep deprivation can trigger depression in some people: memories stained with negative emotions are more likely than positive ones to "stick" in the sleep-deprived brain. Sleep also seems to be the time when the brain’s two memory systems -- the hippocampus (海马体) and the neocortex (新皮质) -- "talk" with one other. Experiences that become memories are laid down first in the hippocampus, eliminating whatever is underneath. If a memory is to be retained, it must be shipped from the hippocampus to a place where it will endure -- the neocortex, the wrinkled outer layer of the brain where higher thinking takes place. Unlike the hippocampus, the neocortex is a master at weaving the old with the new. And partly because it keeps incoming information at bay, sleep is the best time for the "undistracted" hippocampus to shuttle memories to the neocortex, and for the neocortex to link them to related memories. What do we know about the brain from the first paragraph
- Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
- 患者因失眠睡前服用苯巴比妥钠100mg,第二天上午呈现宿醉现象,这属于
- The curse of jet lag has struck most international travelers at one time or another -- and anyone lucky enough to have avoided it will surely have suffered the equally unpleasant sleep-deprivation involved in an early-morning start. Nor, as shift workers know too, is it possible to escape by going to bed earlier the previous evening, and thus putting sleep in the bank. Sleepiness is controlled by the body’s internal biological clock, so an earlier bedtime just means several wakeful hours staring in frustration at a darkened ceiling. For years, some travelers and shift workers have sworn by melatonin (褪黑素). This is a hormone that regulates the biological clock. It is made in the brain by a structure called the pineal gland (松果体), as darkness sets in after sunset. Light is the one that keeps the biological clock in the same pace with solar time. The clock then tells the brain when to go to sleep. The theory of those who use melatonin is that an external dose of it can reset the clock, and thus cause the "go to sleep" signal to be sent at a more convenient moment~ Melatonin can also increase sleepiness during the day, when the pineal gland is not producing it. This has resulted in a growing, and often unregulated, market in melatonin-supplement tablets. The pharmaceutical industry’s response to this seems to be: "If you can’t beat them, join them." A paper in this week’s Lancet, by Shantha Rajaratnam of the Harvard Medical School and his colleagues, reports two trials, funded by drug companies, of tasimelteon, a substance that binds to the same receptors in the brain as melatonin does, and which it is expected will have a similar effect. In the course of these trials, more than 400 people had their bedtimes brought forward by five hours in controlled conditions. Half an hour before lights out, a quarter of them were given common drug, while the remaining three-quarters were given varying doses of tasimelteon. Dr. Rajaratnam and his colleagues report that the new drug let people fall asleep faster at the unnaturally early time, and also allowed them to sleep longer than those given the common one. When will melatonin be made in the brain according to the passage
- An epidemic of swine flu (猪流感) has recently developed in Mexico and the United States, says the CDC. Swine flu has killed many people, and the outbreak has features that suggest it could become a global pandemic (瘟疫). A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads around the whole world. Pandemics also often cause more severe disease than epidemics. Flu is a disease caused by the influenza virus. Humans, pigs, birds and other animals all can be infected by influenza viruses. Typically, influenza viruses can infect only one species, so the influenza viruses of humans are different from those of pigs and birds. However, sometimes a virus can infect more than one species. For examples, pigs sometimes can be infected not only with pig influenza viruses, but also with human and bird influenza viruses. Then these viruses can come up to one another secretly and swap (交换) genes, creating new viruses that have a mix of genes -- from human, pig, and bird viruses. That is what has happened with this new swine flu virus. Sometimes this swapping of genes allows a virus that was originally able to infect only pigs or only birds to also infect humans. When that happens, we refer to the illness as "swine flu" or "bird flu". This current virus could actually be called "swine/bird flu", since it has some genes from pig flu viruses and other genes from bird flu viruses. Most viruses that cause swine flu or bird flu are very hard to pass from one human to another: they don’t cause epidemics. Sometimes, however, further changes in genes create a virus that can spread rapidly among humans, and can produce a more severe illness. One reason this illness is more severe is that the virus is so new. The regular flu that comes each year is caused by a regular human influenza virus that often has similarities to the viruses that have caused the flu in years past, so people have some degree of immunity to the latest virus. The unusual swine flu or bird flu viruses that develop the ability for person-to-person spread are so different that people have little or no immunity to them. The worst global pandemic in modem times was the influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919. It affected about a third of the human race, and killed at least 40 million people in less than a year -- more than those who have been killed by AIDS in three decades. The world economy went into a deep recession. The average length of life dropped for 10 years. Unfortunately, the new swine flu virus can be transmitted between humans. It is not clear yet how easily it is transmitted, nor how it is transmitted. Almost surely it is transmitted by sneezing and coughing, and by skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. According to the passage, a pandemic ______.
- 患者,男性,30岁。到非洲出差回国10天后,出现寒战、面色苍白、肢体厥冷等症状,持续半小时左右继以高热、面色潮红伴头痛等症状。诊断为疟疾间日疟。 [假设信息]该患者治愈后,为控制复发,应选用的药物是
- The curse of jet lag has struck most international travelers at one time or another -- and anyone lucky enough to have avoided it will surely have suffered the equally unpleasant sleep-deprivation involved in an early-morning start. Nor, as shift workers know too, is it possible to escape by going to bed earlier the previous evening, and thus putting sleep in the bank. Sleepiness is controlled by the body’s internal biological clock, so an earlier bedtime just means several wakeful hours staring in frustration at a darkened ceiling. For years, some travelers and shift workers have sworn by melatonin (褪黑素). This is a hormone that regulates the biological clock. It is made in the brain by a structure called the pineal gland (松果体), as darkness sets in after sunset. Light is the one that keeps the biological clock in the same pace with solar time. The clock then tells the brain when to go to sleep. The theory of those who use melatonin is that an external dose of it can reset the clock, and thus cause the "go to sleep" signal to be sent at a more convenient moment~ Melatonin can also increase sleepiness during the day, when the pineal gland is not producing it. This has resulted in a growing, and often unregulated, market in melatonin-supplement tablets. The pharmaceutical industry’s response to this seems to be: "If you can’t beat them, join them." A paper in this week’s Lancet, by Shantha Rajaratnam of the Harvard Medical School and his colleagues, reports two trials, funded by drug companies, of tasimelteon, a substance that binds to the same receptors in the brain as melatonin does, and which it is expected will have a similar effect. In the course of these trials, more than 400 people had their bedtimes brought forward by five hours in controlled conditions. Half an hour before lights out, a quarter of them were given common drug, while the remaining three-quarters were given varying doses of tasimelteon. Dr. Rajaratnam and his colleagues report that the new drug let people fall asleep faster at the unnaturally early time, and also allowed them to sleep longer than those given the common one. Going to bed earlier, you may be frustrated by body’s internal biological clock in keeping you ______.
- Passage Three Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- For many years, people believed that the brain, like the body, rested during sleep. After all, we are rendered unconscious by sleep. Perhaps, it was thought, the brain just needs to stop thinking for a few hours every day. Wrong. During sleep, our brain -- the organ that directs us to sleep -- is itself extraordinarily active. And much of that activity helps the brain to learn, to remember and to make connections. It wasn’t so long ago that the regretful joke in research circles was that everyone knew sleep had something to do with memory -- except for the people who study sleep and the people who study memory. Then, in 1994, Israeli researchers reported that the average performance for a group of people on a memory test improved when the test was repeated after a break of many hours -- during which some subjects slept and others did not. In 2000, a Harvard team demonstrated that this improvement occurred only during sleep. There are several different types of memory -- including declarative (fact-based information), episodic (events from your life) and procedural (how to do something) -- and researchers have designed ways to test each of them. In almost every case, whether the test involves remembering pairs of words, tapping numbered keys in a certain order or figuring out the rules in a weather- prediction game, "sleeping on it" after first learning the task improves performance. It’s as if our brains squeeze in some extra practice time while we’re asleep. This isn’t to say that we can’t form memories when we’re awake. If someone tells you his name, you don’t need to fall asleep to remember it. But sleep will make it more likely that you do. Sleep-deprivation experiments have shown that a tired brain has a difficult time capturing memories of all sorts. Interestingly, sleep deprivation is more likely to cause us to forget information associated with positive emotion than information linked to negative emotion. This could explain, at least in part, why sleep deprivation can trigger depression in some people: memories stained with negative emotions are more likely than positive ones to "stick" in the sleep-deprived brain. Sleep also seems to be the time when the brain’s two memory systems -- the hippocampus (海马体) and the neocortex (新皮质) -- "talk" with one other. Experiences that become memories are laid down first in the hippocampus, eliminating whatever is underneath. If a memory is to be retained, it must be shipped from the hippocampus to a place where it will endure -- the neocortex, the wrinkled outer layer of the brain where higher thinking takes place. Unlike the hippocampus, the neocortex is a master at weaving the old with the new. And partly because it keeps incoming information at bay, sleep is the best time for the "undistracted" hippocampus to shuttle memories to the neocortex, and for the neocortex to link them to related memories. A temporary memory won’t become an enduring one unless ______.
- Sugarless yoghurt (酸奶) could help beat bad breath, tooth decay and gum disease, say scientists. Japanese researchers found eating the yoghurt (62) levels of hydrogen sulphide (硫化氢) -- a major (63) of bad breath -- in 80% of volunteers. The (64) are active bacteria in yoghurt. Details were (65) at a meeting of the International Association for Dental Research. A(n) (66) of 24 volunteers who participated in the study were given strict instructions (67) oral health, diet and medicine taking. They spent two weeks (68) yoghurts and similar foods, like cheese. Researchers then (39) bacteria levels and odor-causing compounds, (70) hydrogen-sulphide. The volunteers then ate 90 grams of yoghurt a day for six weeks. At the end of the study, researchers took (71) again. They found hydrogen sulphide levels (72) in 80% of participants. Dr. Nigel Carter, chief executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, said, "The foundation has long been (73) people’s attention to sugar-free yoghurts as a healthy snack, so it is pleasing to hear that it may have oral health benefits we were previously (74) of." "Although this research is still in the early stages there is no (75) that sugar-free yoghurts provide a much healthier (76) to sweets and chocolate, and we would encourage snackers to (77) them into their diet." (78) , Dr. Carter stressed that the best way to beat bad breath was by (79) a good oral health routine. This involves brushing twice-a-day with fluoride (氟化物) toothpaste, cutting (80) on the frequency of sugary snacks and drinks and visiting a dentist (81) .
- The Future of Television: What’s on Next Bosses in the television industry have been keeping a nervous eye on two Scandinavians (斯堪的纳维亚人) with a reputation for causing trouble. In recent years Niklas Zennstrom, a Swede, and Janus Friis, a Dane, have frightened the music industry by inventing KaZaA, a "peer- to-peer" (P2P) file-sharing program that was widely used to download music without paying for it. Then they horrified the mighty telecoms industry by inventing Skype, another P2P program, which lets Internet users make free telephone calls between computers, and very cheap calls to ordinary phones. Their next move was to found yet another start-up -- this time, one that threatened to devastate (毁坏) the television industry. It may do the opposite, as it turns out. The new service, called Joost and now in advanced testing, is based on P2P software that runs on people’s computers, just like Skype and KaZaA. And it does indeed promise to transform the experience of watching television by combining what people like about old-fashioned TV with the exciting possibilities of the Internet. "But unlike KaZaA and Skype," says Fredrik de Wahl, a Swede whom Mr. Zennstrom and Friis have hired as Joost’s boss, "Joost does not disrupt the industry that it is entering. Instead, rather than undercutting television networks and producers, Joost might, as it were, give them new juice." That is because Mr. de Wahl and his Joost team, working mostly in the Netherlands, have bravely ignored the totems (图腾) of the Internet-video boom. Chief among these fashions is letting users upload anything they want to a video service -- which might include clips of themselves doing odd things ("user-generated content") or, more questionably, videos pirated from other sources. The celebrated example of this approach is YouTube, which is now part of Google, the leader in Internet search. Its big problem, however, is that it can be illegal (if copyright is violated) and terribly hard to turn into a business. On February 2nd Viacom, an American media giant, became the latest company to demand that YouTube remove copyright-infringing (侵犯版权的) clips from its website. YouTube has struck deals with some media firms, including NBC and CBS, to allow their material to appear on its site, and had been trying to thrash out a similar agreement with Viacom. Many observers regard Viacom’s move as a negotiating tactic. But whether YouTube can make money is unclear. Last month Chad Hurley, YouTube’s chief executive, sketched out plans for generating advertising revenues and sharing them with content providers, but so far his firm has none to speak of. The Innovation of Joost Joost is also ignoring the two business models seen as the most respectable alternatives to advertising. One is to make users pay for each television show or film they download, but then to let them keep it. This is the tack chosen by Apple, an electronics firm that sells videos on iTunes, its popular online store; by Amazon, the largest online retailer; and by Wal-Mart, the largest traditional retailer, which launched a video-download service this week. The other approach is to let users subscribe to what is, in effect, an all-you-can-eat buffet of videos, and then to "stream" video to their computers without leaving a permanent copy. This is the approach taken by, for instance, Netflix, a Californian firm that mostly delivers DVDs to its subscribers by post, but now also streams films. The reason that Joost is ignoring all of these methods, says Mr. de Wahl, is that none has much to do with the experience of simply watching TV, which most people enjoy. "Unlike the download or streaming approaches," he says, "TV is not about buying today what you want to watch tomorrow. It’s about turning it on and watching." And in contrast to the "lean-forward" context of "snacking" on a YouTube clip in one’s cubicle while the boss has stepped out, TV is a longer and more relaxed "lean-backward" experience. Hence Joost’s most shocking innovation, which is not to change the practices that TV adopted decades ago. It will be free, with advertising breaks -- no more than three minutes per hour -- either before, during or after a show, depending on the market. "Americans," says Mr. de Wahl, "are more tolerant of interruptions." Joost has "channels", like ordinary TV, but these are now playlists of videos that start whenever it is convenient to the viewer. Viewers can import their instant-messaging buddy lists and chat online with friends while watching the same program. For advertisers, such engagement is worth something, because the activity proves that somebody is watching, rather than being asleep or out of the room. Combined with other information, such as the computer’s IP address and hence its location, advertisers will be able to target their spots much more accurately -- all "Desperate Housewives" fans in a particular neighborhood, for example -- and thus ought to pay a premium. The Combination of Television and the Internet The thing that is missing in this new vision of television, however, is the set itself. Beaming video from a computer to a television is possible: Apple and other firms are starting to sell the necessary gadgets. But until it becomes much easier to connect televisions to the Internet, big media companies are likely to "wait and see" before committing to Joost, says Jeremy Allaire, the boss of Brightcove, a rival Internet-video firm based in Massachusetts. In the meantime, Mr. Allaire thinks, media firms are mainly interested in building their own brands, so Brightcove provides content owners with technology to show television on their own websites, syndicate their shows to other websites, track audiences and collect advertising revenue. There is, in short, no consensus about the best way to combine television with the Internet. Instead, there are a variety of experiments, of which Joost is the latest example and YouTube the best-known. But with telephony, the Internet is unpicking (拆开) service delivery from network ownership. Joost, YouTube, iTunes and Netflix do not need their own networks to supply their video services: they can rely on fast Internet links provided by others. According to iSuppli, a market-research firm, Internet downloads will claim more than one- third of the market for on-demand video by 2010. So just as Internet telephony has been bad for traditional phone companies, this "Internet bypass" could be bad for the "on demand" video services being offered by cable-TV and telecoms firms over their networks. But by bringing television to more screens, this could provide new models for program-makers to finance their productions and offer advertisers new ways to reach constraints. And so Joost and rival services could end up rejuvenating (使变得年轻) the 75-year-old medium. Why are bosses in the television industry nervous with Zennstrom and Friis
- 与细菌核蛋白体的50S亚基结合,抑制细菌蛋白质的合成,首选于军团菌病的是
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