Which of the following actions accurately reflects the reinforcement theory of motivation?
A company's policy of cutting a day's pay if an employee reports to work later than 10.30 A.M.
B. A company's policy of giving its sales staff cash coupons for exceeding their daily targets.
C. A company initiating a process of job redesign to engage its employees better.
D. A company setting specific and difficult goals and ensuring that employees accept them.
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In the expectancy theory, ________ is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. performance–reward linkage
D. effort–performance linkage
In the expectancy theory, ________ is the importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. instrumentality
D. saliency
You are acting as manager and mentor to Melanie, an employee who has been identified as a high achiever. Going by McClelland's three-needs theory, which of the following measures would best help you motivate Marsha to do her best?
A. promising her a promotion and a raise if she reaches her targets
B. setting goals that are just out of her reach
C. giving her a managerial position that requires her to help others accomplish their goals
D. giving her a job that holds her personally responsible for finding solutions to problems
Early research on leadership traits ________.
A. sought to prove that charisma was an essential trait of leadership
B. focused entirely on behavioral traits rather than physical traits of a leader
C. found consistent and unique traits that would apply universally to all effective leaders
D. focused on characteristics that might differentiate leaders from nonleaders
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