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A．They are social workers.B．They are in the medical profession.C．They are coal miners.
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听力原文： From the earliest days, people have wanted to keep some record of their achievements. Thus they build monuments, or they tell stories from parents to children, or they write things down. To give shape to the stories, to show how events related to one another, ancient people began to write what we call histories. In both Greek and Latin, the word "historia" means a story or a narrative. Historians were regarded as those who told the story of the past.
One of the earliest historians, a Greek named Herodotus, always tried to make sure that information was as accurate as possible. Herodotus lived in the 400's B.C. He wrote a detailed account of the Persian Wars, the great struggle between the Greeks and the Persians that had taken place in the years before he was born.
A great deal of our information about these wars exists only because Herodotus found it out and wrote it down. Here, to give one example, is his account of how the battle of Salamis began. This was a naval battle at which the Athenian ships defeated the Persians that had taken place in the year 480 B.C. It was one of the turning points of the war, and the question was how the Greeks, badly outnumbered, dared to fight. Here is how Herodotus explained it:
Themistocles, the Athenian leader, told them to board their ships, whereupon the Greeks put to sea. The fleet had hardly left shore when they were attacked by the Persians. At once, most of the Greeks began to retreat, and were about to touch land again when one of the Athenian captains shot forward and charged one of the enemy. The two ships became entangled, and could not be separated. At this the rest of the Greek fleet came up to help, and the battle began.
Ever since Herodotus, historians have recovered and preserved information about past events that otherwise would have been lost. Modern historians have continued to look for new information which helps us understand the past more clearly and more accurately. The usefulness of historians and their works has been recognized by a number of American Presidents, who have made professional historians part of their White House staffs.
15.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the ways people used to keep record of their achievements？
16.Which of the following is NOT true about Herodotus？
17.How did the Greeks dare to fight according to Herodotus？
18.In what way do American Presidents recognize the usefulness of historians and their works？
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In what part of the eye are the rods and cones located？
Why roses are red and violets are blue？
Did you ever wonder why you see the colors you do or if other animals see the same colors that you see？ We see light that bounces off of things around us. When the light enters our eyes, special cells tell our brains about the light. These cells are called photoreceptors. Light is made of little bits called photons. When the sun shines, trillions and trillions of these little bits of light fall on the earth. The photons bounce off of almost everything and some of them enter our eyes. Those bits that enter our eyes allow us to sec. So, where does the color come from？
Starting in the 1600s with Sir Isaac Newton, scientists have believed that there are different kinds of photons. Different types give rise to our sense of colors. The different photons are said to have different wavelengths. Sunlight contains all the different wavelengths of photons. The visible wavelength colors can be seen when you look at a rainbow. Raindrops acting as natural prisms produce the colors.
How do our photoreceptors work？
We have two main types of photoreceptors called rods and cones. They are called rods and cones because of their shapes. These cells are located in a layer at the back of the eye called the retina. Rods are used to see in very dim light and only show the world to us in black and white. This is why you see only black and white when you are outside in the evening or in a dimly lit room. The other type of photoreceptors, the cones, allow us to see colors. They arc not as sensitive as the rods so they only work in bright light. There are three types of cones, one for each of the three main colors we see, red, green and blue.
Some people have a genetic defect that makes one or more of the cones fail. This condition is known as color deficiency. You may have heard it called color blindness. Color blindness is fairly common, affecting about nine percent of all humans. It is much more common in men than in women. To test for color blindness a special picture called an Ishihara test is used.
What about other animals？ What kind of colors do they see？ Most animals see fewer colors than we do, but some see more! We know this by looking at how many kinds of cone photoreceptors they have. Another good indication of what an animal can see is by looking at their own colors. The colors of their prey are also an indication of an animals ability to see color.
What three primary colors do we see？
For centuries, the death penalty was used in North America for murder, alleged witchcraft, and a few other crimes. Little thought was given to its justification; capital punishment was assumed to be morally and religiously justified. The first critical challenge to this practice came in 1821 when a study of the Louisiana criminal code recommended repeal of the death penalty. This suggestion was not adopted in Louisiana, but, ironically, it led to abolition of capital punishment in several South American countries.
In 1834, Pennsylvania became the first American state to end its use of executions. Although certain states followed Pennsylvania's lead, the history of the death penalty in the United States over the last 100 years has been rather uneven. As some states abolish capital punishment, others reinstate it. Currently, 37 states, the military, and federal statutes provide for execution for selected crimes.
The debate over the death penalty has traditionally focused on its appropriateness as a form. of punishment and its value in deterring criminals. Viewed from the functionalist perspective of Emile Durkheim, sanctioning of deviant acts helps to reinforce the standards of proper behavior. within a society. In this light, supporters of capital punishment insist that fear of execution will prevent at least some criminals from committing serious offenses. Moreover, in their view, the death penalty is justified even if it does not serve as a deterrent, because such criminals deserve to die for their crimes.
By contrast, opponents of capital punishment have long attacked it as "legalized murder". For example, in the last weeks of his term as governor of New Mexico in 1986, Toney Anaya commuted the death sentences of all five men awaiting execution in the state. Anaya called the death penalty "inhumane, immoral, and anti-God" and added that "my personal beliefs do not allow me to permit the execution of an individual in the name of the state."
Opponents of the death penalty point out that a 1985 report identified 343 Americans wrongly convicted of offenses punishable by death since 1900, 25 of whom were actually executed. For example, in 1979 a black man was sentenced to death for the murder of a 4-year-old white girl. He received a stay only days before his scheduled execution when the victim's mother implicated another person; the man's conviction was subsequently overturned. Critics argue that the possibility of error in the criminal justice system in itself makes capital punishment morally offensive. They also insist that the death penalty violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against "cruel and unusual punishment." Thus far, they have failed to persuade the Supreme Court that their constitutional argument is valid.
In 1976, in the case of Gregg vs. Georgia, the Court held that executions can be appropriate so long as they do not involve needless pain or suffering and are not grossly out of proportion to the severity of the crime. This ruling and others were especially significant, since no executions had taken place since 1967. In part, this reflected a lull in the criminal justice system as officials waited to see how the Supreme Court would assess the constitutionality of the death penalty. In the aftermath of the Court's decisions, one execution took place amidst national publicity in 1977 and another in 1979. Executions became more common in the early 1980s; in 1987, there were 25. Moreover, there were
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