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Why was he wanted in Argentine？
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Identifying leadership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of leaders, was the first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the turn of the century(about 1904)when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, well groomed etc. ). The original assumption that "leaders are born not made" has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to the traits to give them any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait approach, the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying behaviors according to whether they fell into a process or "people approach" (satisfying individual needs) , or a "task approach" (getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the discovery in social psychology that every group needs someone to fill both these roles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tried to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situational approach to leadership was developed in 1958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style. best matches with these.
Which of the following questions does the author answer in the first paragraph？
London is steeped in Dickensian history. Every place he visited, every person he met, would be drawn into his imagination and reappear in a novel. There really are such places as Hanging Sword Alley in Whitefriars Street, ECl (Where Jerry Cruncher lived in A Tale of Two Cities) and Bleeding Heart Yard off Greville Street, ECl (Where the Plornish family lived in Little Dorrit); riley are just the sort of places Dickens would have visited on his frequent nighttime walks.
He first came to London as a young boy, and lived at a number of addresses throughout his life, moving as his income and his issue (he had ten children)increased. Of these homes only one remains, at 48 Doughty Street, WC1, now the Dickens House Museum (Tel:405 2127, Mon-Sat 10:00 -17:00, admission ~ 1.50) , and as good a place as any to start your tour of Dickens's London.
The Dickens family lived here for only two years—1837 - 1839—but during this brief period, Charles Dickens first achieved great fame as a novelist, finishing Pickwick Papers, and working on Oliver Twist, Barnaby Rudge and Nicholas Nickleby. If you want a house full of atmosphere, you may be a little disappointed, for it is more a collection of Dickensiana than a recreation of a home. Don't let this deter you, however, for this is the place to see manuscripts, first editions, letters, original drawings, as well as furniture, pictures and artifacts from different periods of his life. Just one room, the Drawing Room, has been reconstructed to look as it would have done in 1839, but elsewhere in the house you can see the grandfather lock which belonged to Moses Pickwick and gave the name to Pickwick Papers, the writing table from Gad's Hill, Rochester, on which he wrote his last words of fiction, and the mahogany sideboard he bought in 1839.
It was in the back room on the first floor that Dickens's sister-in-law Mary Hogarth died when she was only 17. He loved Mary deeply, probably more than his wife, her sister. The tragedy haunted him for years, and is supposed to have inspired the famous death scene of Little Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop.
If you walk through Lincoln's Inn Fields, you will come across Portsmouth Street, and a building which, since Dickens's death, has claimed to be the Old Curiosity Shop itself. It is thought to date from 1567, and is the oldest shop in London, but it seems more likely that the real Curiosity Shop was off Leicester Square. Whatever file truth, file shop makes a pleasant change from the many modern buildings which line the street.
If you know Dickens's work well, you may like to make your own way around this area, or you may prefer to rely on the experts and join a guided walk.
"City Walks" organize a tour around a part of London which features strongly both in Dickens's early life and his books. This is Southwark, SEI, an area not normally renowned as tourist attraction, but one which is historically fascinating. When the Dickens family first arrived in London, John Dickens, Charles's father, was working in Whitehall. He was the model for Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield, so it is not surprising to learn that within a few months he was thrown into the Marshalsea Prison, off Borough High Street, for debt (Micawber was imprisoned in King's Bench Prison which stood on the corner of the Borough Road). The Marshalsea Prison has long gone, but you can stand by the high walls and recall the time that Dickens would go into prison for supper each evening, after a hard and humiliating day sticking labels on pots at the Blacking Warehouse at Hungerford Stairs (near Chafing Cross Station).
Off Borough High Street are several small 'alleys called Yards. These mark the sites of the old coaching inns where passengers would catch a stagecoach to destinations around the country. In one, White Hart Yard, stood the White Hart Inn, a tavern that Dickens knew well and in which he decided to intro
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文： The United States has again vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Israel for its treatment of Palestinians in the occupied territories. The other 14 members of the Council supported the resolution which called on Israel to ensure the safe and immediate return of Palestinian civilians recently expelled to southern Lebanon. The veto was criticized by the Arab Leagues Ambassador to the UN Dr. Klois Marksud. He said it would harm the American current peace initiative for the Middle East. Israel says it's to free several dozen detainees and lift curfews to enable Palestinians to celebrate Ramadan. A military spokesman said those released would be youths up to the age of 16 except those who had committed serious offences.
What was the resolution about？
In early 19th century America, care for the mentally iii was almost non-existent: the afflicted were usually relegated to prisons, almshouses, or inadequate supervision by families. Treatment, if provided, paralleled other medical treatments of the time, including bloodletting and purgatives. However, in a wave of concern for the oppressed, some took action. Among these, Dorothea Dix was the leading crusader for the establishment of state-supported mental asylums. Through her efforts, the first state hospitals for the insane were built in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. She and other reformers sought humane, individualized care, with the rich and the poor housed together to insure high standards for all. The movement was generated by social reform, but throughout the century, mental illness was probed and analyzed, and" cures" prescribed by both the scientific and lay communities. "Moral treatment" was the predominating philosophy to cure the insane.
This system was developed in late 18th century Europe, and by Benjamin Rush in the United States. It challenged the demonic explanations for insanity and emphasized the role of environment in determining character: improper external conditions could induce derangement. The "moral treatment" system was optimistic that an appropriate environment could facilitate cure, especially for those with acute (not chronic) afflictions. Essential to this theory was a physiological basis for mental disorder: insanity was caused by brain damage. The brain's surface was soft and malleable and physically altered by outward influence. This idea was closely related to phrenology, which assigned specific faculties to sections of the brain.
The notion that mental illness resulted from physical impairment was rarely challenged, but the nature and treatment of ailments were continually debated. To find physical evidence for mental deficiencies, autopsies were performed on mental patients to discover lesions or other abnormalities. Although progress was made in the diagnosis of somatic diseases like tumors or syphilitic derangement, these efforts were frustrating and subjective. Also controversial was the fate of the chronically versus acutely iii: the differences between them, whether they should be housed together, and whether the chronically ill should be treated at all.
According to paragraph 1, the movement to establish state-supported mental asylums was motivated by concern for______.
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