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Prior to establishing the efficacy of an experimental treatment for a given condition, researchers typically need to identify the _______ of the condition, possible mechanisms for treating it, a safe and effective dose, and ways of testing whether the drug is having an effect on the disease.

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Successful phase 2 studies are followed by phase 3 studies which involve hundreds, sometimes thousands of patients. Phase 3 studies are designed to provide a rigorous test of the efficacy of a treatment and frequently involve ___________________ of subjects to the new treatment or a control, which might be standard existing treatment or a placebo.

Clinical trials of experimental treatments typically include purely ________________________, such as blood draws, imaging scans, or biopsies, that are performed to collect data regarding the treatment under study.

A clinical trial/study is any investigation in human subjects intended to discover or verify the clinical, pharmacological and/or other pharmacodynamic effects of an investigational product(s), and/or to identify any adverse reactions to an investigational product(s), and/or to study absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of an investigational product(s) with the object of ascertaining its ________ and/or efficacy.

Hippocrates believed that diseases result from imbalances of different substances (such as blood, phlegm, and mucous) in the body, and most of the Hippocratic interventions were aimed at restoring the body's natural balance and helping the body ______________.