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The conception of poverty and what to【C1】______about it have changed over the decades. Under Social Darwinism the lazy and the【C2】______were supposed to be at the bottom of the economic ladder as a result of the "law of【C3】______of the fittest". Society was【C4】______as a network of self-sufficient families which provided for their own.【C5】______persons outside a household(orphans, the【C6】______elderly,and the crippled)were provided outdoor relief grudgingly and as a temporary expedient. Although it was【C7】______that "the poor will always be with us", the individual was expected to improve himself【C8】______acts of his own will. Charity was thought to be the【C9】______of idleness. By keeping wages low, labourers would be【C10】______to work harder.
At about the turn of the century, the beginning of concern about natural【C11】______brought uneasiness about the possible spread of beggary. There was a potentially dangerous class in【C12】______of disease and disorder. The "poor" were【C13】______as different from "paupers". Paupers were individuals well【C14】______to being on the low end of the socioeconomic【C15】______. Without shame or bitterness, they would not seek independence and a "【C16】______" life. For the mountaineers, the subsistence dwellers, and some slum dwellers, the lack of wealth,【C17】______has been argued,reflects a preference not to pay the psychological costs of the struggle for the riches or of adopting the middle-class work ethic of surviving. In【C18】______,the worthy poor struggled to【C19】______their lot against circumstances beyond their control: low wages, sickness, industrial【C20】______, widowhood and so on.
【C1】
Language is something more than a system of communications; it is also a social convention, which one must observe. Improper use of language can easily interfere with your success and advancement.
Conversely, the proper use of the proper language can lead to success in both business and social relations. For this, there is a well-grounded psychological reason.
Language is a set of roles agreed to and accepted by common agreement of all the speakers. There is no connection between the object "hat" and the word "hat" except that the word has been set apart by the English-speaking community to serve as the symbol of the object. A French- speaking community will use not "hat" but chapeau to represent the object we call a hat. It is unstable in the same way that a dollar bill, or a pound note is unstable of purchasing power.
If you find yourself alone in a desert you will quickly realize that the value such dollar bills shrinks to nothing, and that a canteen of water is infinitely more valuable than a handful of hundred-dollar notes. You will also find that your language is of no particular value, since there is no one to use it on.
But human beings normally do not live alone in deserts. They live in communities of their fellowman, and in such communities symbol values come into play. The dollar bill has no value in itself; it is only a piece of paper. But it is everywhere accepted as a symbol of purchasing (购买) power. In the same way, language becomes of value because it is accepted as the symbol of thought.
Why is a forged (伪造的) dollar bill not accepted, while one produced by the government presses is？ This is because we know that government has the silver with which to redeem the paper note.
In language, the community has decided that certain words and forms are valid as symbol of thought and shall be accepted by all members of the community, while others, for one reason or another, are not valid.
What will happen if you use language in an improper way？
听力原文： Scientific evidence has been building about the dangers to people who do not smoke from those who do. Now the top doctor in the United States says the evidence cannot be argued: secondhand tobacco smoke is a serious public health risk.
Recently Surgeon General Richard Carmona released the government's largest report ever on secondhand smoke. For example, it says nonsmokers increase their risk of lung cancer by up to thirty percent if they live with a smoker.
He noted the added dangers faced by children who have to breathe secondhand smoke. These children are at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome, severe breathing problems and ear infections. The report says smoking by parents also slows lung growth in their children.
Scientists have estimated that secondhand smoke kills about fifty thousand adults in the United States each year.
The report says separating smokers from nonsmokers or trying to clean the air in buildings is not enough protection. Doctor Carmona noted the progress in establishing smoke-free public places in the United States. Blood tests show that Americans are being exposed to secondhand smoke in fewer numbers and at lower levels since the late 1980s.
What does the passage say about the secondhand smoke？
听力原文：M: Hi, Miss Rowling. How old were you when you started to write, and what was your first book？
W: I wrote my first finished story when I was about 6. It was about a small animal, a rabbit I mean, and I've been writing ever since.
M: Why did you choose to be an author？
W: If someone asked me how to achieve happiness, step one would be finding out what you love doing most and step two would be finding' someone to pay you to do it. I consider myself very lucky indeed to be able to support myself by writing.
M: Do you have any plans to write books for adults？
W: My first two novels were for adults. I suppose I might write another one, but I never really imagine a target audience when I'm writing. The ideas come first, so it really depends on the idea that grabs me next!
M: Where did the ideas for the Harry Potter books come from？
W: I've no idea where ideas come from and I hope I never find out, it would spoil my excitement if it turned out I just have a funny little wrinkle on the surface of my brain which makes me think about invisible train platforms.
M: How do you come up with the names of your characters？
W: I invented some of the names in the Harry books, but I also collect strange names. I've gotten them from medieval saints, maps, dictionaries, plants, war memorials, and people I've met!
M: Oh, you are really resourceful.
What do we learn from the conversation about Miss Rowling's first book？
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