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[音频]Among the kinds of social gestures most significant for (1)teachers are those which are identical in form (2)in meaning in the two cultures.For example, a Colombian who wants someone to (3)often signals with a hand movement in which all the fingers of one hand, cupped, (4)as they move rapidly back and forth.Speakers of English have a similar gesture though the hand may not be cupped and the fingers may be held more loosely, but for them the gesture means (5)or go away, quite the opposite of the Colombian gesture.Again, in Colombia, a speaker of English would (6) know that when he indicates height he must choose between (7)depending on whether he is referring to a human being or an animal.If he keeps the palm of the hand (8)to the floor, as he would in his own culture when making known the height of a child, for example, he will very likely be greeted by laughter; in Colombia this gesture is reserved for the description of animals.In order to describe human beings he (9)the palm of his hand at a right angle to the floor.Substitutions of one gesture for the other often create not only humorous but also embarrassing moments.In both of the examples above, speakers from two (10)have the same gesture, physically, but its meaning differs sharply.

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[音频]Our lives are woven together. As much as I enjoy my own company, I no longer imagine I can (1)a single day, much less all my life, completely on my own.Even if I am on vacation in the mountains, I am eating food someone else (2), living in a house someone else has built, wearing clothes someone else (3)from cloth woven by others, using electricity someone else is distributing to my house. Evidence of (4)interdependence is everywhere. We are on (5)together.As I was growing up, I remember being carefully (6) independence not interdependence was everything.“Make your own way”, “Stand on your own two feet”, or my mother's favorite remark when I was face-to-face with (7)of some action: “Now that you've made your bed, lie on it!”Total independence is a (8)in our culture.I imagine that what my parents were trying to teach me was to take responsibility for my actions and my choices.But the teaching was shaped by our cultural images, and instead I grew up believing that I was (9)totally “independent” and consequently became very (10)ask for help.I would do almost anything not to be a burden, and not require any help from anybody.

[音频]In the center of a big city there are usually dozens of large office buildings that house big banks, corporation (1) , and government agencies.Thousands of people work in (2).People who do all the office work are called white-collar workers.Secretaries and (3), (4)and computer operators work for many different kinds of companies.Many office workers dream of working their way up to the top, from clerk to president of a corporation.The way lies through (5).Middle management includes junior (6), who may fill specialized jobs, supervise other workers in the company, recommend action to (7), or see that the company's policies are being carried out.At the very top are the senior executives.They establish the policies for their own companies, especially (8).The Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, of a large corporation has (9)power and influence.It is believed that one can start out at the bottom and go all the way to the top.Because financial matters are so important, some (10)become top executives.In companies where technology is important, people with an engineering background can also rise to the top.Nowadays, however, education plays a central part in the selection of people for management jobs.Universities in many countries offer courses in business administration.The graduates of these courses often start out in middle management jobs.From there, they can easily get promoted if they show the necessary personality and ability.

[音频]"Don't take many English courses, they (1)get a decent job.""Sign up for management classes, so you'll be ready to join the family business (2)."Sound familiar? Many of us have heard suggestions like these put forward by parents or others close to us.Such comments often seem (3).Why then, should suggestions like these be taken with caution?The reason is they relate to (4) should make.You are the one who must live with their (5).One of the worst reasons to follow a particular path in life is that other people (6).Decisions that (7)life should be your decisions—decisions you make after you've considered various alternatives and chosen the path that (8).Making your own decisions does not mean that you should ignore the suggestions of others.For instance, your parents do have their own unique experiences that may make their advice helpful.And having (9)in a great deal of your personal history, they may have a clear view of your strengths and weaknesses.Still, their views are not necessarily accurate.They may still see you as a child, in need of care and protection.Or they may see only (10) , or in some unfortunate cases they may focus only on your flaws and shortcomings.People will always be giving you advice.Ultimately though, you have to make your own judgments.

[音频]When you look up at the night sky, (1)? There are other heavenly bodies out there besides the moon and stars. One of the most (2)of these is a comet (彗星).Comets were formed around the same time the Earth was formed. They are made up of ice and other frozen (3). Now and then these "dirty snowballs" begin to orbit the sun, just as the planets do.As a comet gets closer to the sun, some gases in it begin to unfreeze. They (4)dust particles from the comet to form a huge cloud. As the comet gets even nearer to the sun, a solar wind blows the cloud behind the comet, thus (5). The tail and the generally fuzzy (模糊的) (6)around a comet are characteristics that can help identify (7)in the night sky.In any given year, about a dozen known comets (8)the sun in their orbits. The average person can't see them all, of course. Usually there is only one or two (9)bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Comet Hale-Bopp, discovered in 1995, was an unusually bright comet. Its orbit brought it relatively close to the Earth, within 122 million miles of it. But Hale-Bopp came a long way on its earthly visit. It won't be back for another four (10)or so.