In 2016, a synthetic chloroplast genome and the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been successfully introduced into _________ cells, allowing for rapid manipulation or evolution of chloroplasts for higher photosynthetic efficiency.
A. bacterial
B. yeast
C. mouse liver
D. human skin
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Which of the following are common software-based ALife?
A. 1. program-based: cellular automata, artificial intelligence, and multi-agent system/program.
B. 2. module-based: individual modules are added to a creature, which modify the creature's behaviors and characteristics either directly or indirectly, e.g. various simulators.
C. 3. parameter-based: organisms are generally constructed with pre-defined and fixed behaviors that are controlled by various parameters that mutate.
D. 4. Neural net–based: these simulations have creatures that learn and grow using neural nets or a close derivative.5. Complex systems modeling: black box, white box, & grey box.
WhichofthefollowingareopenproblemsinALife?
A. Howdoeslifearisefromthenonliving?—Generateamolecularproto-organisminvitro;—Achievethetransitiontolifeinanartificialchemistryinsilico;—Determinewhetherfundamentallynovellivingorganizationscanexist;—Simulateaunicellularorganismoveritsentirelifecycle;—Explainhowrulesandsymbolsaregeneratedfromphysicaldynamicsinlivingsystems.
B. Whatarethepotentialsandlimitsoflivingsystems?—Determinewhatisinevitableintheopen-endedevolutionoflife;—Determineminimalconditionsforevolutionarytransitionsfromspecifictogenericresponsesystems;—Createaformalframeworkforsynthesizingdynamicalhierarchiesatallscales;—Determinethepredictabilityofevolutionaryconsequencesofmanipulatingorganismsandecosystems;—Developatheoryofinformationprocessing,informationflow,andinformationgenerationforevolvingsystems.
C. Howisliferelatedtomind,machines,andculture?—Demonstratetheemergenceofintelligenceandmindinanartificiallivingsystem;—Evaluatetheinfluenceofmachinesonthenextmajorevolutionarytransitionoflife;—Provideaquantitativemodeloftheinterplaybetweenculturalandbiologicalevolution;—Establishethicalprinciplesforartificiallife.
D. Howdoestheenvironmentaffectsthelifegenesisandevolution?—Evaluategene-environmentinteractions;—Demonstratehowenvironmentalchangesalterlife'slivingstate,metabolism,&reproduction;—Assesshowenvironmentalfactorsincreaselifediversity.
WhichofthefollowingareALife/digitalorganismsimulators?
Avida
B. Critterding
C. DOSE
D. NobleApe
WhichofthefollowingareALife/digitalorganismsimulators?
A. Neurokernel
B. Darwinbots
C. EcoSim
D. TechnoSphere
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