Howdoeshealthcareeconomicsclaimthatprivatelyfundedhealthcareleadstogreaterqualityandefficienciesinpersonalhealthcare?
A. Perceptionsthatpubliclyfundedhealthcareisfreecanleadtooveruseofmedicalservices,andhenceraiseoverallcostscomparedtoprivatehealthfinancing.
B. Privatelyfundedmedicineleadstogreaterqualityandefficienciesthroughincreasedaccesstoandreducedwaitingtimesforspecializedhealthcareservicesandtechnologies.
C. Limitingtheallocationofpublicfundsforpersonalhealthcaredoesnotcurtailtheabilityofuninsuredcitizenstopayfortheirhealthcareasout-of-pocketexpenses.Publicfundscanbebetterrationalizedtoprovideemergencycareservicesregardlessofinsuredstatusorabilitytopay,suchaswiththeEmergencyMedicalTreatmentandActiveLaborActintheUnitedStates.
D. Privatelyfundedandoperatedhealthcarereducestherequirementforgovernmentstoincreasetaxestocoverhealthcarecosts,whichmaybecompoundedbytheinefficienciesamonggovernmentagenciesduetotheirgreaterbureaucracy.
AccordingtoWHO'sdataofglobalmaternalhealth,whichofthefollowingstatementsarecorrect?
A. Maternal mortality has fallen by 37% since 2000. In Eastern Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Asia, maternal mortality has declined by around 2/3.
Butmaternalmortalityratio–theproportionofmothersthatdonotsurvivechildbirthcomparedtothosewhodo–indevelopingregionsisstill14timeshigherthaninthedevelopedregions.Morewomenarereceivingantenatalcare.Indevelopingregions,antenatalcareincreasedfrom65%in1990to83%in2012.
C. Onlyhalfofwomenindevelopingregionsreceivetherecommendedamountofhealthcaretheyneed.
D. Fewerteensarehavingchildreninmostdevelopingregions,butprogresshasslowed.Thelargeincreaseincontraceptiveuseinthe1990swasnotmatchedinthe2000s.Theneedforfamilyplanningisslowlybeingmetformorewomen,butdemandisincreasingatarapidpace.
WHO'sdataofglobalHIV/AIDS,malaria, and otherdiseaseshaveshownthat:
A. 7millionpeoplegloballywerelivingwithHIVin2016,outofwhich2.1millionarechildrenunder15.1millionpeoplehavebecomeinfectedwithHIVsincethestartoftheepidemic.9millionpeoplewereaccessingantiretroviraltherapyinJune2017.
B. 8millionpeoplebecamenewlyinfectedwithHIVin2016.1millionpeoplediedfromAIDS-relatedillnessesin2016.TuberculosisremainstheleadingcauseofdeathamongpeoplelivingwithHIV,accountingforaroundoneinthreeAIDS-relateddeaths.
C. Globally,adolescentgirlsandyoungwomenfacegender-basedinequalities,exclusion,discriminationandviolence,whichputthematincreasedriskofacquiringHIV.HIVistheleadingcauseofdeathforwomenofreproductiveageworldwide.
D. AIDSisnowtheleadingcauseofdeathamongadolescents(aged10–19)inAfricaandthesecondmostcommoncauseofdeathamongadolescentsglobally.Over6.2millionmalariadeathshavebeenavertedbetween2000and2015,primarilyofchildrenunder5yearsofageinsub-SaharanAfrica.Theglobalmalariaincidenceratehasfallenbyanestimated37%&themortalityratesby58%.
WhatabouttheTargetsforGoal3:GoodHealth and Well-Beinginthe17SustainableDevelopmentGoalsbyUN?
A. By2030,reducetheglobalmaternalmortalityratiotolessthan70per100,000livebirths.By2030,endpreventabledeathsofnewbornsandchildrenunder5yearsofage,withallcountriesaimingtoreduceneonatalmortalitytoatleastaslowas12per1,000livebirthsandunder-5mortalitytoatleastaslowas25per1,000livebirths.By2030,endtheepidemicsofAIDS,tuberculosis,malariaandneglectedtropicaldiseasesandcombathepatitis,water-bornediseasesandothercommunicablediseases.
By2030,reducebyonethirdprematuremortalityfromnon-communicablediseasesthroughpreventionandtreatmentandpromotementalhealthandwell-being.Strengthenthepreventionandtreatmentofsubstanceabuse,includingnarcoticdrugabuseandharmfuluseofalcohol.By2020,halvethenumberofglobaldeathsandinjuriesfromroadtrafficaccidents.
C. By2030,ensureuniversalaccesstosexualandreproductivehealth-careservices,includingforfamilyplanning,informationandeducation,andtheintegrationofreproductivehealthintonationalstrategiesandprograms.Achieveuniversalhealthcoverage,includingfinancialriskprotection,accesstoqualityessentialhealth-careservicesandaccesstosafe,effective,qualityandaffordableessentialmedicinesandvaccinesforall.By2030,substantiallyreducethenumberofdeathsandillnessesfromhazardouschemicalsandair,waterandsoilpollutionandcontamination.StrengthentheimplementationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlinallcountries,asappropriate.
D. Supporttheresearchanddevelopmentofvaccinesandmedicinesforthecommunicableandnoncommunicablediseasesthatprimarilyaffectdevelopingcountries,provideaccesstoaffordableessentialmedicinesandvaccines,inaccordancewiththeDohaDeclarationontheTRIPSAgreementandPublicHealth,whichaffirmstherightofdevelopingcountriestousetothefulltheprovisionsintheAgreementonTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightsregardingflexibilitiestoprotectpublichealth,and,inparticular,provideaccesstomedicinesforall.Substantiallyincreasehealthfinancingandtherecruitment,development,trainingandretentionofthehealthworkforceindevelopingcountries,especiallyinleastdevelopedcountriesandsmallislanddevelopingStates.Strengthenthecapacityofallcountries,inparticulardevelopingcountries,forearlywarning,riskreductionandmanagementofnationalandglobalhealthrisks.
WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheUShospitalsystemsarecorrect?
Asof2018,therewere5,534registeredhospitalsintheUnitedStates.Therewere4,840communityhospitals,whicharedefinedasnonfederal,short-termgeneral,orspecialtyhospitals.Thenon-profithospitalsshareoftotalhospitalcapacityhasremainedrelativelystable(about70%)fordecades.
B. Therearealsoprivatelyownedfor-profithospitalsaswellasgovernmenthospitalsinsomelocations,mainlyownedbycountyandcitygovernments.TheHill-BurtonActwaspassedin1946,whichprovidedfederalfundingforhospitalsinexchangefortreatingpoorpatients.
C. Thereisnonationwidesystemofgovernment-ownedmedicalfacilitiesopentothegeneralpublicbuttherearelocalgovernment-ownedmedicalfacilitiesopentothegeneralpublic.TheU.S.DepartmentofDefenseoperatesfieldhospitalsaswellaspermanenthospitalsviatheMilitaryHealthSystemtoprovidemilitary-fundedcaretoactivemilitarypersonnel.
D. ThefederalVeteransHealthAdministrationoperatesVAhospitalsopenonlytoveterans,thoughveteranswhoseekmedicalcareforconditionstheydidnotreceivewhileservinginthemilitaryarechargedforservices.TheIndianHealthService(IHS)operatesfacilitiesopenonlytoNativeAmericansfromrecognizedtribes.
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