～250,000 people died in Germany's "euthanasia" program. Racial purification expanded to include segregation, forced labor, confiscation of property, imprisonment of Jews and others in concentration camps, and eventually to systematic genocide. ～___ million people were killed in Germany's racial purification program, most of whom were Jewish concentration camp prisoners.
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The War Crimes Tribunals adopted the Nuremberg Code (1949) to serve as a basis for prosecuting Nazi researchers for war crimes. The Code became the first internationally recognized __________ standard for research with human subjects.
A. medical
B. ethical
C. physical
D. social
Typesofclinicalresearch include:
A. Epidemiology,whichimprovestheunderstandingofadiseasebystudyingpatterns,causes,andeffectsofhealthanddiseaseinspecificgroups.
Behavioral,whichimprovestheunderstandingofhumanbehaviorandhowitrelatestohealthanddisease.
C. Healthservices,whichlooksathowpeopleaccesshealthcareprovidersandhealthcareservices,howmuchcarecosts,andwhathappenstopatientsasaresultofthiscare.
D. Clinicaltrials,whichevaluatetheeffectsofaninterventiononhealthoutcomes.
Based on the nature and purpose of the study, clinicalresearchincludesthefollowingtypes:
A. Preventiontrialslookforbetterwaystopreventadiseaseinpeoplewhohaveneverhadthediseaseortopreventthediseasefromreturning.Approachesmayincludemedicines,vaccines,orlifestylechanges.
B. Screeningtrialstestnewwaysfordetectingdiseasesorhealthconditions.Diagnostictrialsstudyorcomparetestsorproceduresfordiagnosingaparticulardiseaseorcondition.
C. Treatmenttrialstestnewtreatments,newcombinationsofdrugs,ornewapproachestosurgeryorradiationtherapy.Behavioraltrialsevaluateorcomparewaystopromotebehavioralchangesdesignedtoimprovehealth.
D. Qualityoflifetrials(orsupportivecaretrials)exploreandmeasurewaystoimprovethecomfortandqualityoflifeofpeoplewithconditionsorillnesses.
The4 phases of clinical trials are:
A. Phase I trials: Researchers test a drug or treatment in a small group of people (20–80) for the first time. The purpose is to study the drug or treatment to learn about safety and identify side effects.
B. Phase II trials: The new drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people (100–300) to determine its effectiveness and to further study its safety.
C. Phase III trials: The new drug or treatment is given to large groups of people (1,000–3,000) to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it with standard or similar treatments, and collect information that will allow the new drug or treatment to be used safely.
D. Phase IV trials: After a drug is approved by the FDA and made available to the public, researchers track its safety in the general population, seeking more information about a drug or treatment benefits, and optimal use.
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