题目内容

阅读下列史料并回答问题：
明太祖既定江左，鉴前代之失，置宦者不及百人。迨末年颁《祖训》，乃定为十有二监及各司局，稍称备员矣。然定制，不得兼外臣文武衔，不得御外臣冠服，官无过四品，月米一石，衣食于内庭。尝镌铁牌置宫门曰：“内臣不得干预政事，预者斩。”……建文帝嗣位，御内臣益严，诏出外稍不法，许有司械闻。及燕师逼江北，内臣多逃入其军，漏朝廷虚实。文皇以为忠于己，而狗儿辈复以军功得幸，即位后遂多所委任……三年，遣太监郑和．帅舟师下西洋……十八年置东厂，令刺事。盖明世宦官出使、专征、监军、分镇、刺臣民隐事诸大权，皆自永乐间始。
——《明史》列传第一百九十二《宦官一》
明代阉宦之祸酷矣，然非诸党人附丽之，羽翼之，张其势而助之攻，虐焰不若是其烈也。中叶以前，士大夫知重名节，虽以王振、汪直之横，党与未盛。至刘瑾窃权，焦芳以阁臣首与之比，于是列卿争先献媚，而司礼之权居内阁上。迨神宗末年，讹言朋兴，群相敌仇，门户之争固结．而不可解。……而遗孽余烬，终以覆国。庄烈帝之定逆案也，以其事付大学士韩爌等，因慨然太息曰：“忠贤不过一人耳，外延诸臣附之，遂至于此，其罪何可胜诛”!痛乎哉，患得患失之鄙夫，其流毒诚无所穷极也。
——《明史》列传第一百九十四《阉党》
请回答：
(1)上述材料反映了明朝什么样的史实？
(2)这种史实是如何演变的？
(3)这种史实反映了明朝政治生活中什么样的特点？

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person sing lead fame industry
Maria Callas was one of the best-known opera singers in the world, who became famous internationally for her beautiful voice and intense【71】 during the 1950s, and the recordings of her singing the well-known operas remain very popular today.
Maria Callas was born in New York City in 1923 and her real name was Maria Kalogeropoulous. Her parents were Greek and when she was fourteen, she and her mother returned to Greece, where Maria studied singing at the national conservatory in Athens and the well-known opera【72】Elvira de Hidalgo chose Maria as her student.
In 1941, when she was 17, Maria Callas was paid to sing in a major opera for the first time. She sang the【73】 role in several operas in Athens during the next three years. In 1943, Callas was invited to perform. in Italy, which was the real beginning of her profession as an opera singer. She performed major parts in several of the most【74】operas. In 1949, she married an Italian【75】__, Giovanni Battista Meneghini, who was twenty years older and became her adviser and manager.
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