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The ___________ surgeon Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) is considered one of the true founders of the modern era of organ transplantation. Besides his landmark publications on blood vessel surgery, he also studied tissue and organ preservation by both cold storage and machine perfusion.
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One of the world's oldest medical texts describes plastic surgery. The Hindu anskrit text Suśruta Samhita, of about the ____ century BCE, describes restoration of damaged ears or hands by methods similar to modern reconstructive surgery.
About 1988, a new strategy for transplanting bowel evolved. The procedure involved transplanting the bowel en bloc or in a cluster, that is, transplanting lengths of intestine along with the _______and, later, the pancreas and stomach as well. The first report of success with this approach came from David Grant in London, Ontario, and others followed.
Jaboulay was the first to clearly document kidney transplants from animals to humans. In 1909, he transplanted the left kidney of a _________ into the left elbow of a woman suffering from nephrotic syndrome and connected the vessels of a sheep kidney to the vessels of one patient. However, he failed because of early vascular thrombosis and both patients died of renal failure.
______________________ is when a person allows an organ of theirs to be removed legally, either by consent while the donor is alive or after death with the assent of the next of kin.
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