Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.
Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.
Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil-smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide.
Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulrue-producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic" morning breath".
Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though it's not understood why. Some people's breath tums sour every time they go no a job interview.
Saliva flow gradually shows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad-breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.
For most of us, the simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.
Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.
Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don't necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus, If the mouthwash contains alcohol—as most do—it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.
The phrase "emanate from" in Paragraph I most probably means"______".
A. thrive on
B. originate from
C. account for
D. descend from
听力原文: Robert was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for 20 years by selling false signatures of famous Americans. Robert was born in England in 1813 and arrived in Philadelphia in 1858 to open a bookstore. At first he succeeded in selling his small but genuine collection of early U.S. autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting, he began imitating signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books. To lessen the chance of detection, he sent his imitations to England and Canada for sale and circulation. He had a hard time selling his products, because he couldn't approach a respectable buyer but must deal with people who didn't have much knowledge in the field. But Robert had many ways to make his work look real. For example, he bought old books to use aged paper of the title page, and he could treat paper and ink with chemical. In Robert's time, right after the Civil War, Britain was still fond of the southern states, so Robert invented a respectable lady known as Miss Foamy Jackson, the only daughter of General Jackson. For several years Miss Fanny's financial problems forced her to sell a great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to her famous father. Robert had to work very hard to satisfy the demand. Yet all this activity did not prevent Robert from dying in poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his imitations from the originals.
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A. Collecting early stamps.
B. Selling false signature.
C. Making fast food.
D. Writing detective stories.