Mr. Toledo was born on March 28, 1946 into a poverty-stricken farm family of Amerindian heritage. They lived in the tiny village of Cabana, in the department of Ancash, north of Lima. One of 16 children, he grew up in the port city of Chimbote-attending school, while working as a shoe-shine boy and soft-drink vendor.
He was bright in school and won a scholarship to study in the United States—arriving in 1965 when he was just 18 years old. Majoring in economics, he received an advanced degree from Stanford University.
He later went to work as a consultant at the United Nations, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the World Bank. In 1995, he ran for President, but received just three percent of the vote.
In this year's successful campaign leading up to Sunday's election, his expertise as an economist was one of his greatest assets. During his victory speech Sunday night, Mr. Toledo said he would use his experience to help revive Peru's stagnant economy.
Mr. Toledo's protest campaign against the autocratic Peruvian leader succeeded in mobilizing thousands of people to demonstrate at Mr. Fujimori's inauguration last July. But it was the political uproar following the release last September of a videotape showing Mr. Fujimori's spy chief bribing an opposition lawmaker that led to the ouster of the Peruvian President in November.
This role as protest leader and defender of democracy led many Peruvians to support Mr. Toledo's bid for the presidency.
The election of a president of Amerindian descent is a major event for many of Mr. Toledo's followers, who say it overshadows some of these character issues. More than 80 per- cent of this Andean nation's 26 million people are poor or of mixed race.
In a recent interview, Mr. Toledo talked about his indigenous (本土的)heritage and the need to heal Peru's divisions, "I want to be a President of all Peruvians," he said. "We are experiencing a country with deep divisions, fragmented, deep wounds, polarized politically, economically, socially. If we really want to bring this country into sustained rates of economic growth and social development we need to construct government ability and that means we need to integrate."
Mr. Toledo will get his chance to do this, after he is sworn-in as President on July 28.
Which of the following is NOT true about Mr. Toledo?
A. He was from a poor family of Amerindian heritage.
B. He got lots of votes when he ran for President in 1995.
C. He once worked as a consultant at the Inter-American Development Bank.
D. He finished his education in the United States.
—Look at the sentences below and the following introduction about the types of ownership.
—Which type of ownership does each sentence 1—7 refer to?
—For each sentence 1—7, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.
—You will need to use some of the letters more than once.
A
Partnerships
On the whole, this is not a popular form. of business organization, but it is often used by people in the professions, like doctors, dentists or lawyers, to expand their business. Greater efficiency is possible because people in this sort of association can spend their time doing what they are best at. If one person is sick, then the remaining partner(s) can carry on the work. The main disadvantage is that even with this form. of ownership, the amount of money available to the business may be limited. If people quarrel or disagree over decision making there can be problems and serious delays.
B
Public (Plc) Companies
These are the largest businesses in the private sector. There is no limit to the number of people holding shares in it and many of the larger companies have their shares listed on the stock exchange. The advantage of big businesses like this is that they find it easier to raise money as banks consider them a 'good risk'. There are strict laws governing the setting-up of this kind of business and each year the company has to publish its accounts. The larger such businesses grow, the more difficult it is to control them. Workers in such businesses may feel that management doesn't understand their problems.
C
Private (Ltd) Companies
Such businesses are net allowed to sell shares to the public. They must consist of at least two members, but there is no upper limit to the numbers who own the company. The larger size makes it possible for such companies to borrow more money from the banks or from issuing additional shares to its members. The advantage is that such a business is able to offer its members limited liability (responsibility) for debts and losses. Many companies of this type exist in England, Europe and the U. S.
D
Sole Proprietorships
Sole proprietorships, the most common business form, consist of one person doing business with no legal charter. While they offer the owner great freedom and are easy to form, they also present grave financial risks. General partnerships are merely proprietorships with multiple ewers.
There is no limit to the number of people holding shares in it.