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A key element of Frederick Taylor's approach was the time-motion study, which examined the tasks performed to complete a job and the time needed to complete each task.
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One of the original objectives of the Hawthorne studies was to determine the degree of lighting needed in the workplace to enable employees to achieve optimum productivity.
Elton Mayo's researchers concluded that worker motivation improved when managers listened to worker's ideas and suggestions.
In Maslow's hierarchy, self-actualization needs are associated with basic survival, such as the need for food and shelter.
When I asked my daughter which item she would keep: the phone, the car, the cooker, the computer, the TV, or her boyfriend, she said "the phone". Personally, I could do without the phone entirely, which makes me unusual, because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.Point 1 The telephone creates the need to communicate, in the same way that more roads create more traffic. My daughter comes home from school at 4:00 p.m. and then spends an hour on the phone talking to the very people she has been at school with all day. If the phone did not exist, would she have anything to talk about?Point 2 The mobile phone means that we are never alone. " The mobile saved my life," says Crystal Johnstone. She had an accident in her Volvo on the A45 between Otley and Skipton. Trapped inside, she managed to make the call that brought the ambulance(救护车) to her rescue.Point 3 The mobile removes our secrets. It allows marketing manager of Haba Deutsch, Carl Nicolaisen, to ring his sales staff all round the world at any time of the day to ask where they are, where they are going, and how their last meeting went.Point 4 The telephone separates us. Antonella Bramante in Rome says, " We worked in separate offices but I could see hime through the window. It was easy to get his number. We were so near-but we didn't meet for the first two weeks!"Point 5 The telephone allows us to reach out beyond our own lives. Today we can talk to several complete strangers simutaneously(同时) on chat lines (at least my daughter does. I wouldn't know what to talk about). We can talk across the world. We can even talk to astonauts(宇航员) (if you know any) while they are space walking. And, with the phone line hooked up to the computer, we can access the Internet, the biggest library on Earth.
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