题目内容
Dr. Jeol Hiderbrattd's interest in chemistry began at an early age. In an interview, he once said that his interest formed because he was fortunate enough to be born before there was a television, so he had to make his own decisions about what to pay attention to. Even as a student in high school, Dr. Jeol Hiderbrand had the reputation as the one who learned more chemistry than his teacher knew. As a result he was given the keys to the high school chemistry lab, and there he discovered that the correct formula for a certain chemical compound was not the one given in his chemistry book but a totally different one. Dr. Jeol Hiderbrand went on to teach at the University of California at Berkeley and remained there for almost forty years.
During that time, Dr. Jeol Hiderbrand discovered that the gas helium could be combined with oxygen for use as diving gas to allow divers to dive deeper and take the great pressure of the water without the physical discomforts that had been experienced when they used another gas, nitrogen. The use of helium (氦气) for deep-sea diving is now standard practice.
Dr. Jeol Hiderbrand was also valuable to his country during both World Wars. In World War I he analyzed the poisonous gases used on the battlefield and helped develop a truck that could clean and treat soldiers' clothes, which had been contaminated by poisonous gases during fighting. In World War Ⅱ, he helped develop a type of the snowmobile, a vehicle used to carry soldiers through the snow in northern countries.
Dr. Jeol Hiderbrand's retirement from teaching at the age of seventy was required by state law in California. He objected to this, joking that he thought a teacher's time of retirement ought to be determined not by age but by how many of that teacher's students were still awake after the first fifteen minutes of class! Dr. Jeol Hiderbrand's career continued, however, and was still going strong at the age of 100, when he published an article on the theory of chemical solutions. Dr. Jeol Hiderbrand's love of life and his interest in it were an inspiration to all who knew him. When asked once how he could have such ageless energy and vigor, he said, "I chose my ancestors carefully.
Which of the followings is the main idea of the passage？
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Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer of "provider" and purchaser of "consumer" in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Such condition, however, does not prevail in most of the health-care industry.
In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician—and even then there may be no real choice—it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return "next Wednesday", whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious.
This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but it is the doctor's judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer". As a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power center" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.
Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants—the hospital, the physician, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carder or government )—the physician makes the essential for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bills generated by the physician / hospital, and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined, by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy directed at patients or the general are relatively ineffective.
The author's primary purpose is to
A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outing did measurably better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992, from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.
The study also suggested that the greatest level of paternal parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial obligations increases, the father's apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family, a father's active participation in the child's development made a definite difference in the child's progress.
The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child's level in math and reading, a father's employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child's academic progress. The data from the study was obtained primarily through interviews from parents, teachers and physicians. The information evaluating the level of the father's parenting performance was elicited primarily from the admittedly (公认的) subjective observations of their wives.
The main discovery made in the study was that
A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply all these were important 【21】______ in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. 【22】______ they were not enough. Something 【23】______ was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men, 【24】______ individuals who could invent machines, find new 【25】______ of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society.
The men who 【26】______ the machines of the Industrial Revolution 【27】______ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were 【28】______ inventors than scientists. A man who is a 【29】______ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 【30】______ . He is not necessarily working 【31】______ that his findings can be used.
An inventor or one interested in applied science is 【32】______ trying to make something that has a concrete 【33】______ . He may try to solve a problem by using the theories 【34】______ science or by experiencing through trail and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a 【35】______ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a tight bulb, or one of 【36】______ other objectives.
Most of the people who 【37】______ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had 【38】______ or no training in science might not have made their inventions 【39】______ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years 【40】______ .
【21】
What does the speaker say about Yellow Stone national park？
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