The energy sector has been 1 early adopter of digital technologies. In the 1970s, power utilities were digital pioneers, using 2 technologies to facilitate grid management and operation. Oil and gas companies have long used digital technologies to 3decision-making for exploration and production assets, including reservoirs and pipelines. The industrial sector 4 process controls and automation for decades, particularly in heavy industry, to maximize quality and yields while minimizing energy use. Intelligent transportation systems are using digital technologies 5 all modes of transportation to improve safety, reliability and efficiency.The pace of digitalization in energy is increasing. Investment in digital technologies by energy companies 6 sharply over the last few years. 7, global investment in digital electricity infrastructure and software has grown by over 20% annually since 2014, reaching US$ 47 billion in 2016. This digital investment in 2016 was almost 40% higher than investment in gas-fired power generation worldwide (US$ 34 billion) and almost equal to the total investment in India’s electricity sector (US$ 55 billion).Digital technologies are already widely used in energy end-use 8, with the widespread 9 of potentially transformative technologies on the horizon, such as autonomous cars, intelligent home systems and additive manufacturing (3D printing). While these technologies could reduce the energy intensity of providing goods and services, some could also 10rebound effects that increase overall energy use. The magnitude of potential impacts—and associated barriers—varies greatly depending on the particular application.