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Chimp (黑猩猩) Show Hallmark of Human Culture, Study Finds
Researchers have discovered that chimpanzees not only teach each other new and useful behaviors, but conform. to their group's preferred techniques for performing them--a hallmark of human culture.
Observers have previously reported that wild chimps demonstrate more than three dozen different behaviors that have no apparent ecological or genetic origin. This diversity suggests that there are distinct ape cultures.
The notion assumes that chimps transmit culture-teaching and learning behaviors generation after generation. But the theory is very difficult to test and prove in a controlled experiment outside of a laboratory.
So researchers at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and Emory University in Atlanta devised an experiment to test the proposition. The results were published online August 21 in the science journal Nature.
Learning and Teaching
The scientists constructed a box in which a desirable food was hidden behind a trap. Captive chimps could release the food by using a stick to move the trap in either of two ways. Researchers dubbed these the "poke" and "lift" methods.
Scientists then isolated a high-ranking female of one group from her companions and taught her the poke method to release food. A female of high rank from a second group was taught the lift method.
None of the other members of the groups were allowed to watch the training.
Finally, researchers used a third group as a control, presenting them with the box and sticks, but teaching them nothing about how to use them.
Scientists then let the chimp groups watch their matriarch (女家长) use the technique she had learned. To get the food, each dominant female consistently used the method she had been taught. The other chimps watched, often intensely, for over 36 hours spread over ten days.
During this period, 15 chimps in the two study groups successfully used one method or the other to get food, and they picked up the behavior. quickly. Median times for learning the techniques in both groups were under a minute.
In the meantime, the six chimps in the control group were stymied. In more than four hours of manipulating the sticks, they were unable to extract a single piece of food.
Some chimps in the "lift" group discovered the poke method, and some in the "poke" culture discovered lifting. But they were a small minority. When the apparatus was reintroduced two months later, the chimps reverted to their own culture's preferred method.
This, the researchers maintain, provides evidence of a "conformist bias". The animals discount their own experience and instead adopt the behavior. of the group, just as humans do.
"This is a very nice experimental setup," said Diana Reiss, a research scientist with the Bronx, New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society, who was not involved in the study. "It was controlled for biases, and included a control group where there was no trained expert. The setup eliminated the problem of learning by interacting with humans."
The researchers believe they have demonstrated for the first time an ability among chimpanzees to transmit alternative technologies and alternative methods of using tools.
Monkey See, Monkey Do
"When all these different wild chimp behaviors were discovered in the field, there was controversy," said Frans de Waal, a professor of primate behavior. at Emory University and study co-author. "Some scientists claimed it was social learning. Others claimed there were other possible explanations--individual learning, genetic differences, ecological variables, and so OH."
"We did the experiment to prove that you could plant a behavior. by training one chimp and see it spread to other chimps by observati
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： Watches, which are really small clocks, were first made during the sixteenth century. The earliest watches were made of heavy iron, and people wore them hanging from their belts. Little by little, watches were made smaller so that they could be carried more easily. The invention of the machinery for the mass production of these parts of clocks and watches was an important step in making clocks and watches available to the general public. In some watches, small pieces of precious stones, such as rubies or sapphires, are used at the points on which the wheels turn. Since these stones are very hard, they do not wear down very easily under the friction of the moving wheels. Thus a watch utilizing such stones will keep accurate time over a much longer period than other watches.
Some modem watches can measure very small fractions of time. These watches are useful in timing athletic events. When a button is pressed on these watches, a special second hand begins to move. This type of watch can also be used to count a patient's pulse. It would be difficult to imagine today's world without clocks and watches.
(27)
听力原文：M: I thought that you said that Bob went to Searing High School.
W: NO, he used to attend Clark High School, but after graduation last year, he enrolled in Melrose Community College where he is presently studying.
Q: Where does Bob go to school now？
(16)
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