Which of the following statements about vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) are right?
A. The vagus nerves carry messages from the brain to the body's major organs (e.g. heart, lungs & intestines) & to areas of the brain that control mood, sleep, & other functions.
B. Using brain scans, scientists found that the VNS device affected areas of the brain that are involved in mood regulation.
C. VNS was originally developed as a treatment for cancer.
D. VNS had favorable effects on mood, especially depressive symptoms.
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Which of the following statements about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are correct?
A. Unlike ECT, in which electrical stimulation is more generalized, rTMS can be targeted to a specific site in the brain.
B. Scientists believe that focusing on a specific site in the brain reduces the chance for the types of side effects associated with ECT.
C. rTMS uses a magnet to activate the brain.
D. First developed in 1985, rTMS has been studied as a treatment for depression, psychosis, anxiety, and other disorders.
Which of the following statements about deep brain stimulation (DBS) are right?
A. In the case of depression, the first area of the brain targeted by DBS is called Area 25, or the subgenual cingulate cortex.
B. In DBS, stimulation is continuous and its frequency and level are customized to the individual.
C. DBS was first developed as a treatment for Parkinson's disease to reduce tremor, stiffness, walking problems and uncontrollable movements.
D. In DBS, a pair of electrodes is implanted in the liver and controlled by a generator that is implanted in the chest.
Which of the following statements about magnetic seizure therapy (MST) are correct?
A. Unlike rTMS, MST aims to induce a seizure like ECSo the pulses are given at a higher frequency than that used in rTMS.
B. The goal of MST is to retain the effectiveness of ECT while reducing its cognitive side effects.
C. Like rTMS, MST uses magnetic pulses instead of electricity to stimulate a precise target in the brain.
D. MST borrows certain aspects from both ECT & rTMS.
Which of the following statements about brain stimulation therapies are right?
A. Brain stimulation therapies mainly include deep brain stimulation (DBS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), & magnetic seizure therapy (MST).
B. While these types of therapies are less frequently used than medication & psychotherapies, they hold promise for treating certain mental disorders that do not respond to other treatments.
C. Brain stimulation therapies involve activating or inhibiting the brain directly with electricity.
D. The electricity can be given directly by electrodes implanted in the brain, or noninvasively through electrodes placed on the scalp.
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