题目内容
The sentence "there is more approval for Russia's crackers throughout Russian than there is elsewhere" (Para. 4) means that ______.
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A Book That Changed Our Thinking
—By Karl Krahnke
The Book
America in 1962 was still emerging from the comfortable decade of the 1950s, a time in which life generally seemed good and many technological advances of the previous twenty or thirty years promised a happier, healthier, and safer future. But clouds were on the horizon, and many of the questions and doubts that would characterize the decade of the 1960s were already apparent. One cloud that quickly became a major storm took the form. of a book that was published in 1962, Silent Spring. Silent Spring is one of a few books that have changed history.
Silent Spring is about chemicals, specifically about one type of chemical chlorinated hydrocarbons—and more specifically about one famous member of that group, DDT. Many people who have grown up since the 1960s have not heard of DDT, but before Silent Spring, and for a number of years after ward, DDT and its relatives were important tools in the civilized world's at tempt to control nature through the use of technology and chemicals. DDT is a powerful insecticide and was used throughout the world to kill insect pests of all kinds.
DDT had been discovered in 1939 and began to be widely used during the Second World War. For many years it seemed to be just one more miraculous product of modern science. DDT was used to destroy populations of many harmful insects, malaria-carrying mosquitoes, lice, and flies. There is no question that DDT and similar chemicals did, and still are doing, a lot of good. The danger from insect-carried diseases such as malaria and yellow fever has been greatly reduced, and the lives of many people have been saved and lengthened by their use.
Silent Spring, however, told about the other side of DDT and its relatives. Using carefully collected scientific evidence, the author showed that DDT and similar pesticides had at least two dangerous side effects. One of these was the tendency of pesticides to kill all of the insects in the location where they were used. Not all insects are harmful, however. Many bees, for example, perform. necessary functions, such as pollinating plants and even controlling the numbers of other, more harmful, insects. When useful insects are eliminated, the result has often been greater problems than before the pesticide was used. A second problem with chlorinated hydrocarbons is that they do not disappear quickly; they are stable chemicals that accumulate in the bodies of insects and the birds and animals that eat them and continue to do harm when and where the effect was not intended. Birds are especially affected by DDT-type pesticides. Many birds eat insects and worms as food, and the chemicals that were in the insects collect in their bodies, frequently leading to their death. As Silent Spring demonstrated so clearly, the disappearance of many kinds of birds was due to the presence of pesticides in their food sources.
Most importantly, Silent Spring brought to the world at large the beginning of an understanding of modern ecology. We began to see that the natural world we live in is made up of a number of plants, insects, and animals, some good, some not so good, and that we cannot encourage or eliminate some without producing effects in many others, and even in ourselves.
Silent Spring is a powerful book, beautifully and sensitively written, and it carries a strong message. It is full of complex scientific information, but it is equally a very human and caring book. It does not try to present a balanced picture or to find excuses for the mistakes we made with pesticides. It is an argument for a new and different way of looking at nature and our relation ship with nature. The book
听力原文：M: Come in!
W: Er, excuse me, professor Serafin, are you busy？
M: No, Miss Van Pelt, I've always got time for you. There're several things I want to talk to you about.
W: Oh, really？
M: Yes, er, it's about your class attendance for one thing, you now. You have been missing several classes.
W: Oh, well, that's kind of related to what I was going to ask you about, too.
M: Oh, what's your excuse now？ This is the second time you've been around.
W: Well, it's not an excuse. But, er, a kind of get lost in the discussions in class.
M: That seems to be the idea. You're always lost out there in space somewhere. You've got problems on your mind？
W: No. It's just the way of the discussion. There are a couple of students in the class who dominate the conversation and they won't let any other ideas come in. And the topics I think are very difficult and most of the students don't understand.
M: Well, why do you have two hands？
W: Well, if I say something, especially this Janet woman, she usually interrupts me about half way through and finishes my sentence or tells me I am wrong.
M: All right. Maybe that's the way we should have our conversation and discussions, you know. If she dominates, then of course, you've got to assert yourself.
W: Well, maybe I can learn to assert myself. But there are a few students in the class who must be very bright, who will never speak up in that kind of atmosphere.
M: I see. And what is your suggestion for me then？
W: Well, I know that you can't tell her not to talk. But maybe, you could tell her the rest of us don't know as much as she does and we need to have some practice in discussion.
M: I see. I agree with you there. Domination of the conversations in the classes is not one person's privilege. But on the other hand, it's quite necessary for you to be able to take the lead sometimes, you know.
W: Well, I'll try to speak more and I hope that other students will also say something.
M: That's the point. Everyone should grasp the chance to make himself understood.
W: I see.
(23)
听力原文： Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers, in the light of these he puts further questions, and so on.
For most of the time this conversation goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.
Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page; others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is written in the text. The latter represents higher levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers.
There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a process conversation as opposed to a content conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a content conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed. It is precisely the process conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.
(33)
What did the woman advise the man to do？
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