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The report "Synthetic Biology" was submitted to the US Congress by the US Department of Energy in ______. Three technical challenges in the synthetic-biology field were formulated: i) Genome scale engineering tools, DNA synthesis and assembly, and analytical tools; ii) Biological design principles, genetically tractable organisms/chassis, a minimal cell and in vitro systems, tools for plant systems, and biocontainment mechanisms; and iii) Computational tools, information standards, and databases.

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In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new ______________________ into bacterial DNA. By including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to exchange the bacteria 24 times; they did not generate mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The remarkable efficiency of the system and its ability to generate unmarked genomic mutations has the potential to transform bacterial and yeast genetics in the years to come.

In ______, rapid, low-cost detection of Ebola viruses has been achieved by implementing biosensor gene networks on paper.

In ______, rapid, low-cost detection of Zika viruses has been achieved by implementing biosensor gene networks on paper.

In 2016, Venter et al. created Syn3.0 with the minimal bacterial genome containing _____ genes.