Real-World Robots
When you think of a robot, do you imagine a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone (单调的) voice accentuated (强调) by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today's robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence, that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform. tasks associated With human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.
A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles (轮轴) that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that turn round and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot's base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to shake as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope (陀螺仪) inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object, the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions (障碍物) in its path. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot's actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial intelligence programs.
The writer begins the passage by comparing
A. the shape of a human being with a box.
B. a real-life robot with a fictional robot.
C. an imaginary machine with a human.
D. a robot with a computer program.
Another good title for this passage would be
A. Robots: Taking the Place of Humans.
B. Artificial intelligence Programs.
C. Today's Robots and How They Function.
D. Modern-Day Sensors.
关于特殊情况下车船税应纳税额的计算公式及处理,正确的有()。A.购买短期交强险的车辆:当年应缴=计关于特殊情况下车船税应纳税额的计算公式及处理,正确的有()。
A. 购买短期交强险的车辆:当年应缴=计税单位×年单位税额×应纳税月份数÷12,其中应纳税月份数为交强险有效期起始日的当月至截止日期当月的月份数
B. 已向税务机关缴税的车辆或税务机关已批准免税的车辆:减税车辆应纳税额=减税前应纳税额×(1-减税幅度)
C. 欠缴车船税的车辆补缴税款,在2007年1月1日前购置的或缴纳过车船税的:往年补缴=计税单位×年单位税额×(本次缴税年度-前次缴税年度-1),纳税人从未缴纳车船税的,前次缴税年度设定为2006年
D. 欠缴车船税的车辆补缴税款,在2007年1月1日以后购置的车辆,纳税人一直未缴纳车船税的:往年补缴=购置当年欠缴的税款+购置年度以后欠缴税款,其中:购置当年欠缴的税款=计税单位×年单位税额×应纳税月份数/12;购置年度以后欠缴税款=计税单位×年单位税额×(本次缴税午度-车辆登记年度-1)
E. 欠缴车船税的车辆补缴税款,在2007年1月1日以后购置的车辆,纳税人一直未缴纳车船税的:往年补缴=购置当年欠缴的税款+购置年度以后欠缴税款,其中:购置当年欠缴的税款=计税单位×年单位税额×应纳税月份数÷12;购置年度以后欠缴税款=计税单位×年单位税额×(本次缴税年度-车辆登记年度)