题目内容
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：M: Ms. Bertini, you were the executive director of the World Food Program for a decade from 1992 to 2002. Why do so many people go to bed hungry？
W: Most people who go to bed hungry are so desperately poor that they cannot feed themselves. They can't grow enough. They can't buy enough, they can't find food to feed their families. Hunger and poverty are interchangeable. If you are hungry you are poor. If you are poor you are usually hungry. There is a large population of people also who are hungry because they have been caught in the midst of a man-made or natural disaster, and numbers of those people unfortunately have increased in the last 12 years, and they are the people who receive the maximum amount of food and other support, but they are actually the minority of the 800 million people who go to bed hungry.
W: Is there enough food for everyone？
W: The world produces enough food for everyone. The issue is access. For those living in conflict or natural disaster, they do not have access to food. For those people who are desperately poor, they do not have access because they can not purchase or grow it.
M: You have been credited during your tenure as the head of the United Nations World Food Program with taking the organization from that of development assistance to a humanitarian relief organization. Could you comment on what steps you took to make this transformation？
W: WFP, which had been a bureaucratic organization directed toward helping people living in peaceful times with development aid, now had to become an agency that was fast, and very effective and would be quickly able to assess needs and resource food and move that food and then get it to the right people. So, we went through a whole process of first defining our mission, and then communicating with our donors, getting feedback from the potential beneficiaries and from those who represented them in their governments and then moving the food quickly, and the right kind of food in the right place.
M: Faced with such enormous challenges such as Hurricane Mitch in Latin America, drought in the Horn of Africa, floods in Mozambique, acute hunger among refugees in Kosovo and civil war in Afghanistan, how does an organization like the World Food Program go about confronting such tragedies？
W: The World Food Organization prides itself we did then and I know under the executive director, Jim Morris, they do now, with being able to quickly assess a need and get food to the beneficiaries.
M: We've mentioned that nearly 80 percent of the 800 million people who go to bed hungry are women and children. What role can women play in channeling food to the most needy？
W: Woman are the food channelors for all people. When you think about any society in the developing world and you think about who cooks, the answer is the women. Woman in virtually every household are the cooks, and they are not only the cooks, they are the people who have to find the food, they grow it or they chop for it or they bargain for it or trade for it, or they stand in the aid line for it. Women are also the ones that go off and get the firewood, to get the water, sometimes walking hours and hours each day to bring water home for cooking, washing and so forth. The women are the ones totally invested in the family's ability to eat and in vested in putting cooked food on the table for them to eat. So working with women, if our mission is to end hunger, working with women is the only option that we have in order to be effective.
M: Looking ahead, what do you see as the greatest challenges in delivering food to people who need it？
W: Th
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For hundreds of years, farmers have selected and bred plants and animals to favour, or bring out, characteristics they desired.. For example, cows that produced large amounts of milk were selected for breeding, while poor milk producers were not allowed to reproduce. Similarly, horses were bred for speed and strength. Those having these desired characteristics were selected for breeding. Over time, these preferred breeds became more common than earlier, less desired types. This selective breeding is called artificial selection.
The theory of evolution by natural selection was put forward in a joint presentation of the views of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace before the Linnaean Society of London in 1858. Darwin and Wallace were not the first to suggest that evolution occurred, but their names are linked with the idea of evolution because they proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism by Which evolution occurs. We are always more likely to believe in a process when people explain how it happens than if they merely assert that it does.
The theory of evolution by means of natural selection is based on three observations. First, as we can see by comparing one cat or human being with another, the members of a species differ from one another; that is, there is variation among individuals of the same species. Second, some of the differences between individuals are inherited. (Other differences are not inherited, but are caused by different environments. For instance, two plants with identical genes may grow to different sizes if one of them is planted in poor soil.) Third, more organisms are born than live to grow up and reproduce: many organisms die as embryos or seeds, as saplings, nestlings, or larvae.
The logical conclusion from these three observations is that certain genetic characteristics of an organism will increase its chances of living to grow up and reproduce over the chances of organisms with other characteristics. To take an extreme example, if you have inherited a severe genetic disease of the liver, you have a much lower chance of living to grow up and reproduce than someone born without this disease.
Inherited characteristics that improve an organism's chances of living and reproducing will be more common in the next generation and those that decrease its chances of reproducing will be less common. Various genes or combinations of genes will be naturally selected from one generation to the next (that is, to cause evolution). It is not necessary that all genes affect survival and reproduction; the same result occurs if just some genes make an individual more likely to grow up and reproduce.
To summarize:
1. Individuals in a population vary in each generation.
2. Some of these variations are genetic.
3. More individuals are produced than live to grow up and reproduce.
4. Individuals with some genes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with other genes.
Conclusion: From the above four premises it follows that those genetic traits that make their owners more likely to grow up and reproduce will become increasingly common in the population from one generation to the next.
The main difference between natural and artificial selection is that human beings______.
Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a particular method practised by the scientist. The word science itself is derived from the Latin scire, which means to know, to have knowledge of or to experience. Technology is the fruit of applied science, it is the concrete expression of research done in the laboratory and applied to manufacturing commodities to meet human needs. The word scientist was introduced only in 1840 by William Whewell, Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. In his Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, he wrote: "We need a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should be inclined to call him a scientist." The "cultivators of science" before 1840 were known as "natural philosophers". The founders of the 300-year-old Royal Society were typical "natural philosophers". They were curious, often eccentric persons who poked inquiring fingers at nature. In the process of doing so they stated a technique of inquiry we know today as the "scientific method".
Briefly, these are the steps in the method. First comes the thought that sparks off the inquiry. (For. example, in 1896, the physicist Henri Becquerel, in communications to the French Academy of Sciences, stated that he found that uranium salts emitted rays of unknown nature. His discovery excited Marie Curie. Along with her husband Pierre, she wanted to know more about this radiation. What was it exactly, and where did it come from？)
Second comes the collecting of facts: the techniques of doing this will differ according to the problem to be solved. However it is based on experiments in which one may use anything from a test tube to an earth satellite to gather essential data. (If you do not know the difficulties which the Curies encountered to gather their facts, as they investigated the mysterious uranium rays, I advise you to read the remarkable story in the book Madame Curie by her daughter Eve. )
This leads to step three: organising the facts and studying the relationships that emerge. (These rays were different from anything known. How can this be explained？ Did this radiation come from the atom itself？ It might well be that other materials also emit radiation. Madame Curie investigated and found this was so. She invented the word radioactivity for this phenomenon. She followed this with further experimental work on only "active" radioelements. )
Step four is the statement of a hypothesis or theory: that is, framing a general truth that has emerged and that may be modified as new facts emerge. (In July 1898, the Curies announced the probable presence in pitchblende ores of a new element endowed with powerful radioactivity. This was the beginning of the discovery of radium. )
Then follows the clearer statement of the theory. (In December 1898, the Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences: "The various reasons we have enumerated lead us to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element to which we propose to give the name of Radium. The new radioactive substance certainly contains a very strong proportion of bariums in spite of that its radioactivity is considerable. The radioactivity of radium therefore must be enormous. ")
And the final step is the practical test of the theory--the prediction of new facts. This is essential because from this flows the possibility of control by man of the forces of nature that are newly revealed.
Note how Marie Curie used deductive reasoning in order to push on. "This kind of detective work is basic to the methodology of science. Further, she was concerned with probability and not certainty-in her investigations. Also, although the Curies were doing the basic research work at great expense to themselves in hard physical toil, they knew that they were part of an international group of people all concerned with their search for truth
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