题目内容
Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States, North and South, when the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers flora both sides has to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy. Civil government also had to be put back on a peacetime basis and interference from the military had to be stopped.
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly. Industries had to adjust to peacetime conditions: factories had to be retooled for civilian needs.
Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. The national debt had shot up from a modest 565 million in 1861, the year file war started, to nearly 53 billion in 1865, the year the war ended. This was a colossal sum for those days but one that a prudent government could pay. At the same time, war taxes had to be reduced to less burdensome levels.
Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and Border States, had to be repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed, but with discouraging slowness.
Other important questions needed answering. What would be the future of the four million black people who were freed from slavery？. On what basis were the Southern States to be brought back into the Union？
What of the southern leaders, all of whom were liable to charge of treason？ One of these leaders, Jefferson Davis, president of the Southern Confederacy, was the subject of an insulting popular Northern song, "Hang Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple Tree" and even children sang it. Davis was temporarily chained in his prison cell during the early days of his two-year imprisonment. But he and the other southern leaders were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury from Virginia, a southern confederate state, would convict them. All the leaders were finally pardoned by President Johnson in 1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as little bitterness as possible.
The word "demobilized" (Line 2, Para 1 ) is closest in meaning to______.
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The basic drawing then has to be colored in, using the same method but with non-poisonous paint now replacing the ink. The average tattoo contains four or five colors, each injected with a separate instrument. How many needles are used each time will depend on the area to be covered, but it is possible to use as many as ten or twelve, giving up to 3,000 injections a minute. Filling in is a lengthier process than outlining, and,since most people find half an hour under the needles quite enough, a major tattoo can take a number of visits to complete. Every visit will leave the skin sore and stinging, and to prevent infection the area is finally treated with an antiseptic cream and covered with a dressing. After a few days it finally heals over, leaving the new tattoo clearly visible under the skin.
And there it stays, for, as those who get tattooed and then thind better of it soon discover, getting rid of the tattoo is a far more difficult business than getting it. The tattooist is powerless to undo what he has done and can only refer unhappy customers to their doctors who, no matter how sympathetic, are able to offer little encouragement. Removing a tattoo, if it can be done at all, has to be by one of two methods, neither of them pleasant or even completely satisfactory, The first is by surgery and skin replacement, an operation which leaves permanent marks. The other possibility is to re-tat-too over the offending design with a special acidbased substance which absorbs the colors as it goes. This is a painful and lengthy process which, though less expensive than private surgery, is still quite costly. "Tattooing is a thorn in the side of the medical profession", is the view of one Harley Street skin specialist. He receives a constant stream of enquiries about removal, but in most cases the expense and discomfort of having it done make people decide to go on living with their unwanted designs. "Patients have to want it very much go to through with it ," he says. "Those who do are usually the ones who find that they are refused jobs, or cannot get advancement because their hands are decorated."
This is such a common event that responsible tattooists refuse to work on areas which cannot normally be covered up. "The trouble is that most people don' t think about it until it' s too late." says one tattooist who had his own hands tattooed some years ago, and freely admits to regretting it. "I realize now that it looks in bad taste."
The fine needles are used ______.
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