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SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文： School Education
Interviewer: Janet, as a teacher, can you give us some idea on how the English school system works？
Janet: Um, well, first of all most children start school at the age of five and they can't leave school until the age of sixteen. Um ... they will go to primary school from the age of five until eleven ... um, and previously they used to take an eleven plus examination which would then determine whether they would go to a grammar school or alternatively a secondary school. But now we have a ... a new system where children aren't divided off at the age of eleven, instead, they could take the exams at the age of sixteen.
Interviewer: Do you think that's a ... an improvement to the system？
Janet: Well,... um, theoretically... it's supposed to be much better because it gives... it stops separating children at the age of eleven and gives them a better chance, and in fact what usually happens is that those children who wouldn't ... er who would have gone to a grammar school tend to be at the top end of the comprehensive system, and those that would have gone to secondary modern school find themselves at the lower levels of the school.
Interviewer: Do you think that the present school system is an efficient way of educating children？
Janet: Um... well if you, if you accept that, you know, there have to be schools, it seems to work fairly efficiently. Of course one of our great problems in England is that we have very large classes and ... um, it would be very nice if we could reduce that by at least half instead of there being forty children in a class, there are only twenty., um and so that each child gets more individual attention so that their own particular needs just aren't passed over.
Interviewer: Do you think the... subjects that er... children study today are adapted to present-day society？
Janet: It would be very good if... er, more children at school had the opportunity of learning about the society they live in... in economic terms and in social terms, so that they are much more aware of the problems that we face today. But I also think that education isn't only something that has to be... has to be relevant... um, I think education can be just a ... a gradual extension of oneself, and I don't think it's um ... important for subjects to be seen only in terms of how useful they are when you leave school... but how much you enjoy them and how much they mean to you.
Interviewer: What about games... er and drama and things like that？
Janet: Well, the students have about an hour and a half of games a week, and for about an hour a week they have a class called social studies, which um... provide them ... er with some basic information or knowledge about what life will be after they leave school... and they will do a drama in this class, They also study something about ecology, sociology et cetera ... It's not an "O" level class, it's just for ... er experience.
Interviewer: Janet, do you... really think that your students gain a lot from their education？
Janet: I think they gain a certain amount of necessary knowledge, yes, but I think it should be broader. I think more emphasis should be put on broadening their knowledge instead of studying towards passing an exam, or reading towards writing a paper.
Interviewer: Er... do you have any specific way in which you think... time at school could be improved？
Janet: Yes, I think there could be a... a lot more encouragement in doing things for their own sake, for getting the satisfaction out of them.
A blind baby is doubly handicapped. Not only is it unable to see, but because it cannot receive the visual stimulus from its environment that a sighted child does, it is likely to be slow in intellectual development. Now the ten-month old son of Dr. and Mrs. Dennis Daughters is the subject of an unusual psychological experiment designed to prevent a lag in the learning process. With the aid of a sonar-type electronic that he wears on his head, infant Dennis is learning to identify the people and objects in the world around him by means of echoes.
Dennis and a twin brother, Daniel, were born last September almost three months too early. Daniel died after five days, and Dennis developed retrolental fibroplasias, an eye disorder usually caused by overexposure to oxygen in an incubator. He went blind, but through a pediatrician at the premature unit where he was treated, the Daughters were contacted by Dr. Tom Bower, a psychologist from the University of Edinburgh then serving a fellowship at the Stanford University Centre for Advanced Study in the Behavioural Sciences. Bower wanted to see how a blind infant might respond if given an echosounding device to help him cope with his surroundings and the Daughters agreed to help.
By the time the child was six weeks old, his parents noticed that he continuously uttered sharp clicking sounds with his tongue. Bower explained that blind people often use echoes to orient themselves, and that the clicking sounds were the boy's way of creating echoes. This, Bower believed, made the child an ideal subject for testing with an electronic echosounding device.
Signals: The device used in the study is a refinement of the "Sonicguide", an instrument produced by Telesensory System, Inc., of Palo Alto, Calif. , and used by blind adults in addition to sane or guide dog. As adapted for Dennis, it consists of a battery-powered system about the size of a half dollar that is on a headgear. A transmitter emits an ultrasonic pulse that creates an 80-degree cone of sound at 6 feet. Echoes from objects within the cone are perceived as sounds that vary in pitch and volume with the size and distance of the object.
The closer an object is, he lower the pitch, and the larger the object, the louder the signal. Hard surfaces produce a sharp ping, while soft ones send back signals with a slightly fuzzy quality. An object slightly to the right of Denny's sends back a louder sound to his right ear than to the left. Thus, by simply moving his head right and left and up and down, he can not only locate an object but also get some notion of its shape and size, thanks to the varying qualities of sounds reaching his ears as the cone of ultrasound passes its edges. Dennis likes to use the device to play a kind of peek-a-boo with his mother. Standing on her knee and facing her directly, he receives a strong signal in both ears. By mining his head away, he makes her seem to disappear. "From the first time he wore it," says Mrs. Daughters, "it was like a light going on in his head."
The boy also learned to identify many objects, including his favourite toy, a robber caterpillar with six antenna-like projections coming out of its body. And at six-and-a-half months, when a teething biscuit was held in front of Dennis, the child immediately grabbed it with both hands and put it into his mouth.
So far, the study has shown that a normal blind baby can employ echoes as well as, or even better than, an unsighted adult can. What remains to be determined is how well the device will help Dennis cope with his surroundings as he begins to walk and venture further into his environment. Meanwhile, Telesensory, Inc. , is working on the development of a sonar device with somewhat the same sensitivity as Dennis's for use by school-age children.
The writer says that a blind baby is doubly handicapped in comparison to a sighted child because ______.
巨细胞瘤
肝细胞性黄疸时尿中可以出现的是
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