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Access to family planning and contraceptive services has altered social and economic roles of women. Family planning has provided health benefits such as smaller family size and longer interval between the birth of children; increased opportunities for preconceptional counseling and screening; fewer infant, child, and maternal deaths; and the use of barrier contraceptives to prevent pregnancy and transmission of HIV & other STDs.
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Fluoridation of drinking water began in 1945 and in 1999 reaches an estimated 144 million persons in the US. Fluoridation safely and inexpensively benefits both children and adults by effectively preventing tooth decay, regardless of socioeconomic status or access to care. Fluoridation has played a minor role in the reductions in tooth decay (40-70% in children) and of tooth loss in adults (40-60%).
Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard and subsequent public health anti-smoking campaigns have resulted in changes in social norms to prevent initiation of tobacco use, promote cessation of use, and increase exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
The American Heritage Medical Dictionary (2007) has defined "Public Health" as: "The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine, health education, control of communicable diseases, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of environmental hazards."
Segen's Medical Dictionary (2012) has defined "Public Health" as: "As defined by The Faculty of Public Health Medicine (UK), public health is "The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized efforts of society". Some public health messages have been delivered at national level such as Change4life and smoking cessation."
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