题目内容
The current political debate over family values, personal responsibility, and welfare takes for granted the entrenched American belief that dependence on government assistance is a recent and destructive phenomenon. Conservatives tend to blame this dependence on personal irresponsibility aggravated by a swollen welfare apparatus that saps individual initiative. Liberties are more likely to blame it on personal misfortune magnified by the harsh lot that falls to losers in our competitive market economy. But both sides believe that the "winners" in America make it on their own that dependence reflects some kind of individual or family failure, and that the ideal family is the self-reliance unit of the traditional lore—a family that takes care of its own, carves out a future for its children, and never asks for handouts①. Politicians at both ends of the ideological spectrum have wrapped themselves in the mantle of these "family values", arguing over why the poor have not been able to make do without assistance, or whether aid has worsened their situation, but never questioning the assumption that American families traditionally achieve success by establishing their independence from the government.
The myth of family self-reliance is so compelling that our actual national and personal histories often buckle under its emotional weight. "We successors always stood on our own two feet," my grandfather used to say about his pioneer heritage, whenever he walked me to the top of the hill to survey the property in Washington State that his family had bought for next to nothing after it had been logged off in the early 1900s. Perhaps he didn't know that the land came so cheap because much of it was part of a federal subsidy originally allotted to the railroad companies, which had received 183 millions acres of the public domain in the nineteenth century. These federal giveaways were the original source of most major western logging companies' land, and when some of these logging companies moved on to virgin stands of timber, federal lands trickled down to a few early settlers who were able to purchase them inexpensively.
Like my grandparents, few families in Americans history—whatever their "values"—have been able to rely solely on their own resources. Instead, they have depended on the legislative, judicial and social-sup port structures set up by governing authorities, whether those were the clan elders of Native American societies, the church courts and city officials of colonial America, or the judicial and legislative bodies established by the Constitution②.
At America's inception, this was considered not a dirty little secret but the norm, one that confirmed to social and personal interdependence. Tile idea that the family should have the sole or even primary responsibility for educating and socializing its members, finding them suitable work, or keeping them from poverty and crime was not only ridiculous to colonial and revolutionary thinkers but also dangerously parochial.
Conservatives believe that welfare services have played a certain role in ______.
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The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk editors are logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability, and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems. They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services--sometimes even before they do—and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.
When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down by false alarms.
The studio staff of ABC's "World News Tonight" assembles at 9 a.m. to prepare for the 6:30 "air" p. m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying bureaus and press services are read. There are phone conversations with the broadcast's staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the London bureau senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A pattern emerges for the day's news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer's first lineup. The lineup tells the staff what stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials are scheduled; how long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.
Each story's relative value in dollars and cents must be continually assessed by the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might meant that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an event. A decline in live coverage could send viewers away and drive ratings down, but there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made rapidly—be cause delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to a satellite blocked by a competitor.
The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report followed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and tags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling them to fit their reports into the program's narrative flow so the audience's attention does not wander and more substance is absorbed②.
Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the work, let it.
What does the word "rundown"(Line 3, Para.1) possibly mean'？
SECTION B PASSAGES
Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
听力原文： It is not surprising that people hardly ever associate Britain with wine and in fact it may astonish you to learn that grapes are grown broadly in England and nearly 200,000 bottles of wine were sold in 1975. It is nothing new in growing grapes in Britain, in spite of the climate. The Romans planted the first vines about A.D. 300 and for a long time people always drank home-produced wines. What destroyed the English wine industry was not so much a change in the climate as the fact that an English king, Henry II, inherited the Bordeaux area of France as part of his dominions since the twelfth century and the imported wine provided a great 'deal of competition. The English wine industry did not disappear, however, until the sixteenth century, when the monks, who had been the main producers in the meantime, had been taken away their estates by Henry VIII. The new owner let the vineyards die out. But now English people, probably due to their memories of holidays by the Mediterranean, drink more wine than ever, and the new industry is now developing at a modest but consistent rate.
______ may not be responsible for the ruin of the wine industry in Britain.
Time is running out if the deadline is to be met. And this has brought individual political blocs closer to agreement among themselves on a number of the outstanding issues. But sources close to the discussion say the question of the actual distribution of resources, particularly the lucrative revenue from oil between the country's regions, remains contentious at this point, and it bears on the whole issue of federalism which has been the biggest sticking point throughout this past week of negotiations. So not only this trading continue between the parties in the present govermment, but a broader consensus on the constitution has yet to be achieved before the document is put to parliament. The alternative is a partial deal that some say would be realistic, others futile.
Iraqi political leaders are bargaining to reach an agreement on ______ .
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
听力原文： Lebanon's new prime minister is visiting Damascus for talks with Syrian leaders aimed at improving relations. Just a day earlier, the first government formed since Syria's withdrawal from Lebanon won a vote of confidence in Parliament.
Relations between Lebanon and Syria have been strained since Damascus bowed to international pressure, and ended its 29-year presence in Lebanon in April. Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora's first official trip to Syria is a push to improve political, economic, and social stability in Lebanon.
Syria has implemented a tight border crackdown. Hundreds of transport trucks line the road to Syria waiting for clearance to cross the border. The reported lock down has been in place for more than a month, taking a toll on I.ebanese exports. Many of the trucks carrying produce have lost thousands of dollars in revenues as the items have spoiled from the heat.
Many Lebanese claim the border crackdown is an attempt to strangle Lebanon's economy. Syria says it is in response to international pressure to stop insurgents and militants from crossing into the country.
Prime Minister Siniora's government won 92 votes of confidence in the 128-member parliament, where an anti-Syrian coalition won a majority in June elections.
Lebanon's new leader is visiting Syria in order to
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