题目内容

How can American restaurant chains accelerate their business？

A. To improve the quality of their products and services.
B. To raise their share prices with the help of some hedge funds.
C. To invest more money in advertising especially to children.
D. To expand their business scope overseas.

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Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior. came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.
Conger's experiment with two groups of rats

A. concludes that alcohol drinking may affect appetite.
B. confirms the findings of other academic researchers.
C. shows that alcohol minimizes fear.
D. disproves learning and reinforcement theory.

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Why did the share price of Wendy's International rise steadily after the "severed finger"

A. The woman's claim was reported as a mistake.
B. Wendy's is American's third-biggest hamburger chain.
C. Pershing Square Capital bought a large amount of its shares.
D. Wendy's will buy more fast-food brands and assets.

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Which statement is true according to the text？

America's restaurant industry is growing steadily.
B. Wendy's International is threatened severely by Burger King and McDonald
C. Fast-food chains are facing more competitive market inside America.
D. UBS and Global Insight are planning to help restaurant industry get out of difficulties.

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Gary Hirshberg made a new type of vending machine in order to

A. earn much more money for his company.
B. reduce school expenditure on those low-nutrition food.
C. replace the traditional snacks as they are harmful to kids.
D. promote a new kind of yogurt product.

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How can American restaurant chains accelerate their business？

A. To improve the quality of their products and services. B. To raise their share prices with the help of some hedge funds. C. To invest more money in advertising especially to children. D. To expand their business scope overseas.

Why did the share price of Wendy's International rise steadily after the "severed finger"

Which statement is true according to the text？

Gary Hirshberg made a new type of vending machine in order to

A. To improve the quality of their products and services.
B. To raise their share prices with the help of some hedge funds.
C. To invest more money in advertising especially to children.
D. To expand their business scope overseas.