题目内容
The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as "local" news, because any events in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed', of our very way of life.
There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.
The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the "facts". This insistence raises two questions :What are the facts？ And: Are the bare facts enough？
As to the first query, consider how a so-called "factual" story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. (This is an important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. ) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little, Judgment Number Three.
Thus, in the presentation of a so-called "factual" or "objective" story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which re porter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their "news neutralism" ,arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.
The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes--as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels. ) If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea: Or he can do it by the place he gives a story--promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.
According to the author, what will the newspaper do if it provides interpretation？
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The most extensive attempt to modify Type A behavioral patterns has been carded out in the San Francisco Bay area, where 600 men who have suffered heart attacks are participating in an ongoing study. The treatment consists of a variety of approaches which are intended to modify both the perception of stress and the reaction to stress.
Subjects have been taught to observe their own behavior. to change and manage their thinking a bout once-stressful occurrences, making them neutral by interpreting them in ways that do not evoke stress. Thus instead of fuming about the time they are wasting in a traffic jam, Type A's ought to think about the opportunity to think over their day's activities. They also have been told to adopt new, relaxing hobbies that are entirely separate from their careers, and they are learning procedures that will al low them to modify their physiological reactions through such techniques as deep muscle relaxation and learning to slow down physical activity.
Still, there is no definitive evidence to date showing that reductions in Type A characteristics result invariably in a decrease in heart disease risk. Moreover, it is unclear just which aspect of Type A behavior. is the crucial one, or whether it is a complex of several behaviors, all part of the Type A pat tern ,that is associated with the increased risk. In other words ,we still do not know specifically what it is about Type A behaviors that leads to heart problems, and until we do, programs that attempt to de crease the risk must use relatively expensive and time-consuming procedures, modifying essentially all manifestations of the Type A pattern. Moreover, programs which emphasize the importance of work and achievement. For these reasons, treatment programs that are designed to alter Type A behaviors may be facing an uphill battle.
Despite the difficulty in implementing treatment programs to reduce the Type A behavior. pattern, such attempts illustrate quite clearly the role that social psychologists can play in the treatment of health problems.
What is the attitude of the author towards the Type A behavior？
What methods have been taken by the developing countries to encourage trained personnel to
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
In the second half of the twentieth century, many countries of the South began to send students to the industrialized countries for further education. They urgently needed supplies of highly trained personnel to implement a concept of development based on modernization.
But, unfortunately, many of these students decided to stay on in the developed countries when they had finished their training. At the same time, many professionals who did return home but no longer felt at ease there also decided to go back to the countries where they had studied. This migration was encouraged by developed countries which offered attractive conditions to keep the services of those they had trained--people whose training had often been paid for by their home country.
In the 1960s, some Latin American countries tried to solve this problem by setting up special" re turn" programs to encourage their professionals to come back home. These programs received support from international bodies such as the International Organization for Migration, which in 1947 enabled over 1600 qualified scientists and technicians to return to Latin America.
In the t980s and 1990s, "temporary return programs were set up in order to make the best use of trained personnel occupying strategic positions in the developed countries. This gave rise to the United Nations Development Program's Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals, which encourages technicians and scientists to work in their own countries for short periods. But the brain drain from these countries increases in response to the new laws of the international market in knowledge. The rich countries are far better placed than the developing countries to attract and/or to keep trained personnel.
Recent studies forecast that the most developed countries are going to need more and more highly qualified professionals--around twice as many as their educational systems will be able to produce, or so it is thought. As a result there is an urgent need for developing countries which send students a broad to give preference to fields where they need competent people to give muscle to their own institutions, in stead of encouraging the training of people who may not come back because there are no professional outlets for them. The countries of the South must not be content with institutional structures that simply take back professionals sent abroad, and they must introduce flexible administrative procedures to encourage them to return. If they do not do this, the brain drain is bound to continue.
Why did many countries of the South send students to the developed countries？
What was the reaction of the sea animals in the sound tests？
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