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听力原文： Gates was born and brought up in Seattle. At the age of 14, he founded a computer programming company with three friends, and they had earned ＄ 20,000 by selling their traffic-counting system to local governments. In 1975, he dropped out of his law course at Harvard to found the Microsoft Software Company in Washington. Gates' domination of the emerging computer industry began in 1980-1981, when he devised an operating system and licensed it to IBM. MS-DOS became the standard operating system for nearly all IBM personal computers. During the 1980s, Microsoft also developed more specialized software. When the company went public in 1986, Gates became a multimillionaire at the age of 31. Five years later, he was ranked as the world's richest man. In the 1990s, Gates made a fresh fortune from sales of windows, a system that enables a computer to be operated with on-screen symbols rather than complex keyboard commands. A revised was launched amid huge publicity in 1995.
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Child Abuse
Definition of Child Abuse
Child abuse is also called cruelty to children, which is the purposeful infliction (施加) of pain and suffering on children through physical, sexual, or emotional mistreatment. Prior to the 1970s, the term child abuse normally referred only to physical mistreatment. But since then its application has expanded to include physical violence; unjustifiable verbal abuse; the failure to supply proper shelter, nourishment, medical treatment, or emotional support; sexual misbehaviors; and the use of children in illegal fields.
Current Situation of Child Abuse
Surveys in North America and Europe indicate that between 10 and 30 percent of young girls are subjected to exploitation or abuse as widely defined above. Estimates of abuse or neglect by parents or guardians range from about 1 out of every 100 children to more than 1 in 7, and figures are far higher if emotional abuse and neglect are included. Although widely prevalent, child abuse is often overlooked by family, friends, and health professionals. Prejudice, anxiety, and shame—not lack of information—seem to be the major reasons for the failure to recognize the private acts of violence. Child abuse can have serious future consequences for its victims, including delays in physical growth, damaged language abilities, and problems in personality development, learning, and behavior.
Causes of Child Abuse
Cruelty to children has several major causes. Abusive behavior. of parents can be viewed as responses to stressful situations and feelings of powerlessness. As such, they show the abnormal efforts of adults to master situations that are out of their control and to regain a psychological balance through the force on defenseless children. Studies have shown that a large part of parents who abuse their children were themselves physically or emotionally mistreated during their childhood. Typically over disciplined and deprived of parental love in their childhood, these parents repeat the pattern with their own children, often in the belief that they are rightfully exercising their parental right to punish a child.
Legal Issues of Child Abuse
The legal definition of child abuse differs between societies and has changed greatly over time. For example, some European countries prohibit the use of physical violence to execute discipline, but others permit moderate forms of power infliction. Despite these differences, the abusive treatment of children, however it is defined, is widely forbidden by criminal laws. One of the earliest national laws to protect children from cruel treatment was adopted in Great Britain in 1884, when the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was organized. Similar organizations subsequently were created in other countries. In the United States in 1875, New York became the first state to establish laws to protect children. Its laws served as a model for other states, all of which developed laws defining child abuse a criminal offense.
Social Efforts in Combating Child Abuse
Since the 1970s, conservative and feminists(女权主义) groups, for different reasons, have sought measures to combat child abuse. Although earlier campaigns against child abuse had emphasized the threat caused by strangers, feminists stressed the greater danger brought by male intimates, such as fathers, stepfathers, uncles, and brothers. Because abuse by male relatives is rarely reported, child- welfare supporters called for new laws that would allow greater intervention (干涉) by outside professionals. During the 1970s and 1980s; most states adopted some form. of reporting procedure, by which doctors, teachers, and social workers were required to report any cases that might show suspected child abuse. The courts also change their procedures to grant more protection to victims. For example, judges an
听力原文：W: Bill thinks you shouldn't use your good knife to fix that.
M: Why should he care？ It's not his knife.
Q: What does the man mean？
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听力原文：W: Have a seat, Mr. Younger. What can I do for you？
M: I have a house in Seattle. It's about 400 sq. ft, including the house and the yard. I'm looking for somebody who will buy it in cash.
W: How much do you want to sell it for？
M: Around half a million U.S. Dollars.
W: Sounds reasonable.
M: I'd like to sell it as soon as possible for ready money.
W: I see. Is the house under your name？
M: Yes. Here are the papers. I've also made copies of each of them. You can keep the copies.
W: Very well. Do you have a photo of the house with you？
M: Yes. Here they are. There are six of them.
W: Did you bring the negatives as well？
M: Sure. Here you are.
W: This one is OK. But the others… Well, I think I'll have to send my men to take pictures of your house, pictures that are taken by a professional and are able to show the whole aspect of the house.
M: That's fine with me. What is your charge for this service？... Er, I don't mean the pictures, I mean to be my agent.
W: Well, 2% of the sale price of your house.
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A．possibleB．impossibleC．practicalD．impractical.
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