题目内容

The Nazi experiments are among the worst ever performed on human subjects. Some of these included:

A. Exposing research subjects to freezing cold temperatures, extremely low pressures, and high levels of electricity and radiation to study their effects on the human body
B. Inflicting wounds on human subjects to study wound healing (subjects were shot, stabbed, or injected with metal or glass)
C. Intentionally exposing human subjects to malaria, staphylococcus, tetanus, & other infectious diseases to study the effectiveness of vaccines
D. Injecting dye into human eyes to try to change eye color (many subjects went blind)

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The Declaration of Helsinki (2013, Article 10) declares that, "Physicians must consider the ethical, legal and regulatory norms and standards for research involving human subjects in their own countries as well as applicable international norms and standards. No national or international ethical, legal or regulatory requirement should reduce or eliminate any of the protections for __________________."

TheDeclarationofHelsinki(2013, Article 9)declaresthat,"itisthedutyofphysicianswhoareinvolvedinmedicalresearchtoprotectthelife,health,dignity,integrity,righttoself-determination,privacy,andconfidentialityofpersonalinformationof_______________."

TheDeclarationofHelsinki(2013, Article 12)declaresthat,"Medicalresearchinvolvinghumansubjectsmustbeconductedonlybyindividualswiththeappropriateethicsandscientificeducation,trainingandqualifications.Researchonpatientsorhealthyvolunteersrequiresthesupervisionofacompetentandappropriately____________________orotherhealthcareprofessional."

TheDeclarationofHelsinki(2013, Article 18)declaresthat,"Whentherisksarefoundtooutweighthepotentialbenefitsorwhenthereisconclusiveproofofdefinitiveoutcomes,physiciansmustassesswhethertocontinue,modifyorimmediately_____thestudy."