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Why is the second theory sometimes referred to as the Mars Theory？
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听力原文：W: Jackson, I heard that everything went on well with you several years ago...
M: Do let me forget it. At that time I had a wonderful life and was on top of the world. I don't know what drove me to seek diversion in poker machines. So pretty soon I was going to play the pokies quite often and yes I was enjoying myself and sometimes even won a few dollars.
W: Is the game so attractive？
M: You never know. It has a kind of magic. I was totally consumed. Anyway the whole story is long and covers the last seven years and though I have tried to be unemotional. I must say now that I have been through hell and I've felt as if I was already dead.
W: For so long a time, haven't you ever thought to wash your hands？
M: When I am gambling, I don't care about anything else. I know 1 was addicted and powerless to stop. I've lost much. Even so all I can dream of is the big win.
W: Several years has passed, tell us what your feeling is now？
M: I end up just as bad, and hate myself. My health suffered, my finance was in ruin, and I didn't have the will- power to stop. I have been homeless many times and my life has become unmanageable.
W: That's a crying shame. It's high time you turned over a new leaf. Wish you success.
Which one of the following was NOT among the conditions of the man several years ago？
SECTION B PASSAGES
Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
听力原文： Moving away from newspapers, let's now focus on magazines. Now the first magazine was a little periodical called the Review and it was started in London in 1704. It looked a lot like the newspapers of the time, but in terms of its contents it was much different. Newspapers were concerned mainly with news events but the Review focused on important domestic issues of the day, as well as the policies of the government. Now, in England at the time, people could still be thrown in jail for publishing articles that were critical of the king. And that is what happened to Daniel Defoe. tie was the outspoken founder of the review. Defoe actually wrote the first issue of the Review from prison. You see, he had been arrested because of his writings that criticized the policies of the Church of England, which was headed by the king. After his release, Defoe continued to produce the Review and the magazine started to appear on a more frequent schedule, about three times a week. It didn't take long for other magazines to start popping up. In 1709, a magazine called the Tattler began publication. This new magazine contained a mixture of news, poetry, political analysis and philosophical essays.
What is significant about the review？
A blind baby is doubly handicapped. Not only is it unable to see, but because it cannot receive the visual stimulus from its environment that a sighted child does, it is likely to be slow in intellectual development. Now the ten-month old son of Dr. and Mrs Dennis Daughters is the subject of an unusual psychological experiment designed to prevent a lag in the learning process. With the aid of a sonar-type electronic that he wears on his head, infant Dennis is learning to identify the people and objects in the world around him by means of echoes.
Dennis and a twin brother, Daniel, were born last September almost three months too early. Daniel died after five days, and Dennis developed retrolental fibroplasias, an eye disorder usually caused by overexposure to oxygen in an incubator. He went blind, but through a paediatrician at the premature unit where he was treated, the Daughterses were contacted by Dr. Tom Bower, a psychologist from the University of Edinburgh then serving a fellowship at the Stanford University Centre for Advanced Study in the Behavioural Sciences. Bower wanted to see how a blind infant might respond if given an echo-sounding device to help him cope with his surroundings and the Daughterses agreed to help.
By the time the child was six weeks old, his parents noticed that he continuously uttered sharp clicking sounds with his tongue. Bower explained that blind people often use echoes to orient themselves, and that the clicking sounds were the boy's way of creating echoes. This, Bower believd, made the child an ideal subject for testing with an electronic echosounding device.
Signals: The device used in the study is a refinement of the "Sonicguide", an instrument produced by Telesensory Systems, Inc., of Palo Alto, Calif., and used by blind adults in addition to sane or guide dog. As adapted for Dennis, it consists of a battery-powered system about the size of a half dollar that is on a headgear. A transmitter emits an ultrasonic pulse that creates an 80degree cone of sound at 6 feet. Echoes from objects within the cone are perceived as sounds that vary in pitch and volume with the size and distance of the object.
The closer an object is, the lower the pitch, and the larger the object, the louder the signal. Hard surfaces produce a sharp ping, while soft ones send back signals with a slightly fuzzy quality. An object slightly to the right of Denny's sends back a louder sound to his right ear than to the left. Thus, by simply moving his head right and left and up and down, he can not only locate an object but also get some notion of its shape and size, thanks to the varying qualities of sounds reaching his ears as the cone of ultrasound passes its edges. Dennis likes to use the device to play a kind of peek-a-boo with his mother. Standing on her knee and facing her directly, he receives a strong signal in both ears. By turning his head away, he makes her seem to disappear. "From the first time he wore it," says Mrs. Daughters, "it was like a light going on in his head."
The boy also learned to identify many objects, including his favourite toy, a rubber caterpillar with six antenna-like projections coming out of its body. And at six-and-a-half months, when a teething biscuit was held in front of Dennis, the child immediately grabbed it with both hands and put it into his mouth.
So far, the study has shown that a normal blind baby can employ echoes as well as, or even better than, an unsighted adult can. What remains to be determined is how well the device will help Dennis cope with his surroundings as he begins to walk and venture further into his environment. Meanwhile, Telesensory, Inc., is working on the development of a sonar device with somewhat the same sensitivity as Dennis's for use by school-age children.
The writer says that a blind baby is doubtly handicapped in comparison to a sighted child because ______.
听力原文： Despite two failed attempts, the White House on Wednesday said it wanted the Senate to vote again to try to win confirmation of John Bolton as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.
But Republican and Democratic senators said the stalemate continued on Bolton's nomination over demands from Democrats that the White House provide information they said would shed more light on his suit ability for the job.
The nomination of the blunt-spoken conservative has been held up by accusations he tried to manipulate intelligence and intimidated intelligence analysts to support his hawkish views in his post as the top U.S. diplomat for arms control.
"We continue to believe that John Bolton should have an up or down vote on the floor of the Senate. That remains our position," White House spokesman Scott McClellan said.
If that fails, McClellan declined to say whether Bush would favor bypassing the Senate with a presidential appointment while Congress takes its August recess.
"Discussion is still going on about Bolton, but we have to make some progress before we take it back to vote on it. We talked about it again this morning," Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, a Tennessee Re publican, told reporters after mceting with President Bush on Tuesday morning.
In procedural votes in May and June, Democrats denied Republicans the 60 votes needed from the 100-member chamber to bring debate on Bolton to a close and move to a confirmation vote which would require a simple majority.
A number of senators said they expected Bush to make the recess appointment which would allow Bolton to take up the U.N. post and serve until January 2007.
There also have been questions whether Bolton would accept a recess appointment, which lawmakers said would send him to the United Nations in a weakened political position.
Norm Kin2, spokesman for Joseph Biden of Delaware, top Senate Foreign Relations Committee Democrat, said the Senate could quickly move to an up or down vote on Bolton if the White House turned over the requested information.
The White House has refused to turn over the material which it said was highly classified and concerned internal deliberations not relevant to Bolton's nomination.
The nomination of John Bolton has been held up ______
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