Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
During the 1970's and 1980's political extremism and terrorism frequently focused on 'national liberation' and economic issues. The collapse of the Soviet Union, and the ending of its covert funding and encouragement of terrorism led to a decline in the militant and violent left-wing terrorist groups that were a feature of the age.
The 1990’s have seen the development of a 'new terrorism'. This is not to say that state-backed terror- ism has ceased, but rather that the spectrum of terrorism has widened, This new extremism frequently driven by religious fervor, is transnational, sanctions extreme violence, and may often be millennialism. The new terrorism may seek out military or government targets, but it also seeks out symbolic civilian targets, and the victims have mostly been innocent civilians. Growing concern about this new terrorism has been paralleled by concern about the employment of the new information and communication technologies(ICT's). ICT's offer a new dimension for political extremists and terrorists. They allow the diffusion of command and control; they allow boundless new opportunities for communication, and they allow the players to target the information stores, processes and communications of their opponents, The sophistication of the modern nation-state, and its dependency on computer-based ICT's, make the state ever more vulnerable.
The use of ICT’s to influence, modify, disrupt or damage a nation state, its institutions or population by influencing the media, or by subversion, has been called 'net-war'. The full range of weapons in the cyberspace armory can be employed in net-war; from propaganda campaigns at one level to interference with databases and networks at the other. What particularly distinguishes net-war from other forms of war is that it targets information and communications, and may be used to alter thinking or disrupt planned actions. In this sense it can be distinguished from earlier forms of warfare-economic wars that target the means of production, and political wars that target leadership and government.
Net-war is therefore of particular interest to those engaged in non-military war, or those operating at sub-state level. Clearly nation states might also consider it, as an adjunct to military war or as an option prior to moving on to military war. So far, however, it appears to be of greater interest to extremist advocacy groups and terrorists. Because there are no physical limits or boundaries, net-war has been adopted by groups who operate across great distances or transnationally. The growth of such groups, and their growing powers in relation to those of nation states, suggests an evolving power-based relationship for both. Military strategist Martin Van Creveld has suggested that war in the future is more likely to be waged between such groups and states rather than between states and states.
The main difference between the terrorism in 1970's, 1980's and 1990's is______.
A. the support of the state
B. its scope
C. its means of violence
D. its target of attack
From the passage, we can conclude that______.
A. cyberspace will become a new medium for terrorism
B. terrorism will become the outcome of competition between terrorists and countries
C. terrorists find it hard to control their actions because of informational technology
D. terrorists will take the advantage of technology to attack any country in the world.
A.Pick out all the glass and metal.B.Get rid of dust.C.Burn waste paper.D.Screen earth
A. Pick out all the glass and metal.
B. Get rid of dust.
C. Burn waste paper.
D. Screen earth and sand.
Business drives regional economic growth and APEC is creating an environment where business can flourish.
A high level of private sector participation is central to APEC's success and makes APEC unique amongst regional and international organizations. Time APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC), established in 1995, is composed of up to three members from each economy, appointed by APEC Leaders. In recognition of the key role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in all APEC economies, most members reserve one ABAC position for an SME representative.
ABAC meets several times each year and publishes an annual report recommending initiatives to improve APEC’s business and investment climate. The report is presented to the APEC leaders Meeting and its recommendations guide APEC in designing its programs.
The annum APEC CEO Summit is another forum where regional business leaders can interact with APEC leaders and address key issues affecting business in the region.
APEC's Government—Industry Dialogues provide opportunities for APEC to focus on specific market sectors. The APEC Automotive Dialogue comprises senior government and industry representatives and is designed to encourage further trade liberalization and facilitate trade and investment in the automotive sector. Its work program spans a broad range of issues including standards, customs, tariffs, traffic congestion and environmental issues, e-commerce and electronic networking. The APEC Chemical Dialogue, established in 2001 addresses trade-related regulatory issues and aims to facilitate trade in the chemicals sector. The dialogue aims to develop policies to streamline regulatory procedures, harmonize standards and facilitate trade. Its members include government and business representative.
Private sector bodies also interact with APEC Working Groups, giving APEC cutting-edge advice on entrepreneurial developments and high-technology, and working to remove impediments to doing business in the region.
According to the passage, which of the following is true?
ABAC is made up of three representatives from APEC member countries.
B. Each APEC member country appoints one representative as the members of ABAC.
C. Three APEC Leaders appoint representatives as the members of ABAC.
D. Each APEC member country appoints three representatives as the members of ABAC.