题目内容
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.
In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.
What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic(北极的)peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.
Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of scent(进步). The progress from a rattle(拨浪鼓 used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.
Which of the following is the author's view on the historical development of toys？
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With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China【C1】______a family-planning program in 1971, India has been closing the【C2】______. Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly as much as the Chinese have. If current growth【C3】______continue, India's population will pass China's around the year 2028【C4】______about 1.7 billion.
Should that happen, it won't be the fault of the【C5】______women of Kerala, a state in southern India.【C6】______India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala's population is virtually【C7】______. The reason is no mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women【C8】______birth control, compared with about 40% in the entire nation. The difference lies in the【C9】______put on health programs,【C10】______birth control, by the state authorities, which in 1957 became India's first elected Communist government. And an educational tradition and matrilineal(母系的)customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get【C11】______good schooling.【C12】______one in three Indian women is【C13】______, 90% of those in Kerala can read and write.
Higher literacy(识字)rates【C14】______family planning."【C15】______our parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have【C16】______of them," says Laila Cheran, who lives in the village of Kudamaloor. She had limited herself【C17】______three children one below the national【C18】______of four. That kind of【C19】______will keep Kerala from putting added【C20】______on world food supplies.
【C1】
A．He had a strange accent.B．His accent was difficult to understand.C．He had a strong I
A．Count and calculate money.B．Read and write.C．Alert moving objects.D．Hunt and farm.
The standardized educational or psychological tests, which are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-in formed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends up on the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information~ Whether to use tests; other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined(for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training pro gram)and least effectively when what is to be measured of predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people~ Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.
In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______.
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