题目内容
While anti-slavery sentiment eventually dictated policy in both the United States and Great Britain, the course of abolition differed greatly in the two nations. In America, the institution of slavery was strongly defended in a debate that ultimately resulted in the Civil War of 1860. In Britain, by contrast, slavery was done away with by 1807 and barred throughout its colonial possessions by 1833. In analyzing Britain's course, historians have well documented the influences of economic change, humanitarian protest and reform. movement.
One factor that has been largely ignored by scholars, however, is the impetus that was provided by children's literature. This medium gained great popularity in Britain during the last half of the 18th century and provided direct access to young, impressionable minds. Consequently, children's literature constituted the perfect vehicle for spreading of humanitarian ideas and played a vital role in creating anti-slavery concerns.
In 1761, John Newberry's Tom Telescope included the first known reference to the slave trade in children's literature. Tom, the book's hero, took issue with a man who was fond of his household pet yet, as a slave merchant, thought "nothing of separating the husband from the wife, the parents from the children". Slavery was not only cruel and oppressive, Tom seemed to be saying, but it was also irrational and contrary to natural law. Written before much of the horrors of the Atlantic slave trade were revealed, Torn Telescope contained an implicit message. Soon afterwards, writers and publishers were in a position to be more explicit. One of the leaders in this movement was the Society of Friends who, in 1787, published Little Truths. Passages in this work directly related conditions aboard slave ships: "children were in the ship, pressed like fishes in barrel ."
Around the turn of the 18th century, blacks were introduced for the first time as main characters in children's literature. An early example of this device is found in Thomas Day's immensely popular The History of Sandford and Merton, in which a black beggar miraculously rescues Harry Sandford from a raging bull. Significantly, Day says very little about the institution of slavery itself, but the reader is left with no doubt that it is inhuman and cruel.
While it would be misleading to assume that every children's book published between 1750 and 1850 contained anti-slavery sentiments, the numbers are significant enough to suggest that they played a vital role in shaping their attitudes toward blacks. At the same time, even when the capabilities of blacks were recognized, there was always a tendency to depict them as different rather than equal. Perhaps unwittingly, children's literature helped to form. a stereotype that — while successfully attacking slavery — also strengthened the 19th century Englishmen's sense of racial superiority.
The American Civil War was primarily caused by ______.
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Which of the following may most adequately sum up the ideas of the third paragraph？
According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true？
From the first paragraph we can know that______.
A family doctor charged the Night Home Service (NHS) more than ￡ 500,000 in seven years for night visits that his patients did not need, a General Medical Council disciplinary hearing was told yesterday.
Jagdeep Gossain charged for up to 540 emergency call-outs a month, increasing his annual salary to close to ￡200,000 a year and using almost a third of the local health authority's out-of-hours GP budget.
Dr Gossain, 46, had a target list of about 100 patients in his practice at Fulham, southwest London, whom he used repeatedly on claim forms to Ealing, Hammersmith and Hounslow Health Authority.
Nearly all emergency visits conducted by the doctor, who often made up to 40 calls a night, were "clinically inappropriate". He had also duped the GMC into postponing his hearing, before the professional conduct committee, four times by claiming that his bad back made him unfit to attend, Sarah Plaschkes, for the GMC, said.
But that injury had not prevented him enjoying his favourite sport — weightlifting — at an exclusive gym in Heston.
Ms Plaschkes added: "The council submits that Dr Gossain deliberately, dishonestly deceived this professional body by pretending he was too ill to attend the heating when, in fact, he was at a leisure centre."
Between May 1990 and April 1998 he claimed an "inordinate and extraordinary number" of night visits, she said. The average GP makes 50 emergency night calls a year. In September 1997 alone Dr Gossain put in 542 claims.
Ms Plaschkes alleged that it was unjustifiable reward in the sum of about ￡500,000 from the public purse. Dr Gossain's claims escalated over the years. In 1991 he claimed￡1,000; by 1995 the sum had risen to more than ￡75,000, peaking in 1996 at almost￡160,000. Over the seven-year period he allegedly fleeced the NHS of ￡514,593.
In 1998 he claimed ~ 124,591, when the average GP in his health authority claimed￡670. Dr Gossain is accused of doing so many night visits that he "could not have provided adequate care and attention" for the patients he visited. It is also said that his ability to provide competent daytime services "was compromised".
Dr Gossain denies serious professional misconduct but, if found guilty, could be struck off the medical register.
A BBC Panorama investigation found that his three children went to private school and he drove a Mercedes with private number plates. His wife, Shashi, a pharmacist, has said that his only crime was to have been a workaholic. The hearing continues.
For what was the doctor in the passage charged？
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