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A．as fast asB．as gently asC．as fully asD．as little as
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Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently
Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision making. While female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling (错误地处理) the aircraft (航行器). These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths" in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots, " explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash.
The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation (航行) crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40--63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.
The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots' crashes and 36 percent of males'. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel (燃料), and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females.
The majority of the crashes -- 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males -- involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect (过失). Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts.
What is the research at Johns Hopkins University about？
听力原文：W: I think there should be greater restrictions placed on the press and the stories they print. I can't open a newspaper or magazine without reading stories full of false information about myself or people I know. It's get ting...
M: Sorry, but I can't believe that you're actually complaining about free publicity. I mean I remember, Shelley, before you were famous, you were begging us to write features about you...anything...
W: If you would just let me finish of course the press have been important. I'm an actress and I understand the power of the press. But the thing is, I rarely seem to read anything true about myself these days... The point I'm trying to make here is that famous people have families with feelings.
M: Oh, sorry. You're really hurt by that particular article last week.
W: To increase circulation and make more money, certain newspapers continue to print those stories when it's obvious that they're not true.
M: But I think we have to consider the relationship between fame, the public and the press. The public are fascinated by fame and scandal, and they love to read about their favorite stars.
W: I'm sick of gutter-press making up stories. It's irresponsible and it messes up people's life.
M: The problem is, it's not always clear what's true and what isn't. I mean, if a newspaper prints something scandalous or embarrassing about a famous person, they're bound to deny it, but that doesn't mean it's not true.
W: Are you trying to say...
M: No smoke without fire, if you ask me.
(20)
Wonder Webs
Spider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps. And the world's best web spinner may be the Goldern Orb Weaver spider. The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect, yet【51】 enough to snare a flying bird without breaking.
The secret of the web's strength. A type of super-resilient【52】 called dragline. When the female spider is ready to【53】 the web's spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly. Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along【54】 to spin the web's trademark spiral.
Unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a Golden Orb Weaver【55】 her handiwork until it fails apart, sometimes not for two years. The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high strength human-made【56】 used in bullet-proof vests. And thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original【57】 and snap back as well as new. No human-made fiber even comes【58】.
It is no【59】 manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk. In the consumer pipeline: high-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run. Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables. A steady【60】 of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars— but how to produce it？ Harvesting silk on spider farms does not【61】because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.
Now, scientists at the biotechnology company Nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after Goldern Orb dragline. The【62】step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders. Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells. The nanny goats that grow from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their【63】. "The young goats pass on the silk-making gene without【64】help from us," says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner. Nexia is still perfecting the spinning process, but they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snagging customers【65】the real thing snags bugs.
(51)
Which of the following possibilities of the biotechnological applications is NOT mentioned
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