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Creating a trusting environment by respecting patient privacy encourages the patient to seek care and to be as honest as possible during the course of a health care visit.
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If there is not explicit permission from the patient to share information with family member, it is generally ethically justifiable to do so. Except in cases where the spouse is at specific risk of harm directly related to the diagnosis (e.g. HIV infection), it remains the patient's (and sometimes local public health officers'), rather than the physician’s, obligation to inform the spouse.
Access to medical information and records by third parties is illegally restricted. Yet, at the same time, clinicians have a duty to protect identifiable individuals from any serious, credible threat of harm if they have information that could prevent the harm.
The California Tarasoff case exemplifies the challenges providers face in protecting confidentiality. In that case a graduate student, Prosinjit Podder, disclosed to a counselor affiliated with Berkeley University that he intended to obtain a gun and shoot Tatiana Tarasoff. Dr. Moore, the psychologist, found Podder's threat credible. Dr. Moore sent a letter to campus police about the threat. They spoke to Mr. Podder, told him to stay away from Tatiana, but determined he was not a danger to her. He later stalked, stabbed and killed Tatiana.
以下生物安全实验室级别中，（ ）的生物安全防护等级最低。
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