题目内容
What Is Anthrax (炭疽)？
There's been a lot of talk about anthrax on the news lately. Some people are worried that anthrax may be connected to terrorist attacks or that terrorists may spread the germ that______(51) the disease. Federal officials and police are investigating this and taking______(52) to protect us.
In the meantime, it's important not to panic over anthrax. The chances that you and your family______(53) at risk are very tiny. One of the ways you can feel better is to learn about anthrax. When you know what it is and______(54) you can get it, it doesn't seem quite as scary.
So, what______(55) is anthrax？
Here are the facts on anthrax:
Anthrax is a bacterial infection caused by a germ. Although it's most common in farm ______(56), like sheep, cows, pigs, horses, and goats, there's a very small chance that people can get it, too.
Anthrax spores (孢子) (a version of the germ in a protective shell that can live in the soil for years) cause the disease.
People may get anthrax if they are exposed to anthrax______(57). But here's the important part: just being exposed to these spores doesn't mean that a person will get ______(58).
For a person to get sick, he would have to breathe in thousands of these spores all the way into his______(59). Or he'd have to eat meat contaminated with anthrax or handle______(50) that has anthrax spores. This may sound scary, but even when a person comes______(61) contact with the spores, it's unlikely that he'll get sick. ______(62) the bacteria do not get into the skin, digestive tract, or lung, the disease won't develop.
Anthrax is not spread from person to person the way the flu can spread from family member to______(83) member or classmate to classmate.
Anthrax can almost always be successfully treated with antibiotics (抗生素).
Anthrax is very rare. Until recently, anthrax wasn't even talked about because it was so rare — and it still______(64)! Even with all of the anthrax cases you are hearing about right now, a person's chances of getting anthrax are about the______(65) as they were before you heard about anthrax on the news — very, very low.
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The title can be replaced by The Glacial Epoch.
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
It might take only the touch of peach fuzz to make an autistic child howl in pain. The odour of the fruit could be so overpowering that he gags. For reasons that are not well understood, people with autism do not integrate all of their senses in ways that help them understand properly what they are experiencing. By the age of three, the signs of autism—infrequent eye contact, over-sensitivity or over—sensitivity to the environment, difficulty mixing with others—are in full force. There is no cure; intense behavioural therapies serve only to lessen the symptoms.
The origins of autism are obscure. But a paper in Brain, a specialist journal, casts some light. A team headed by Marcel Just, of Carnegie Mellon University, and Nancy Minshew, of the University of Pittsburgh, has found evidence of how the brains of people with autism function differently from those without the disorder.
Using a brain-scanning technique called functional magnetic-resonance imaging (FMRI), Dr. Just, Dr. Minshew and their team compared the brain activity of young adults who had "high-functioning" autism (in which an autiat's IQ score is normal) with that of non-autistic participants. The experiment was designed to examine two regions of the brain known to be associated with language—Broca's area and Wernicke's area—when the participants were reading.
Three differences emerged. First, Wernicke's area, the part responsible for understanding individual words, was more active in autists than non-autists. Second, Broca's area—where the components of language are integrated to produce meaning—was less active. Third, the activity of the two areas was less synchronised.
This research has led Dr. Just to offer an explanation for autism. He calls it "underconnectivity theory". It depends on h recent body of work which suggests that the brain's white matter (the wiring that connects the main bodies of the nerve cells, or grey matter, together) is less dense and less abundant in the brain of an autistic person than in that of a non-autist. Dr. Just suggests that abnormal white matter causes the grey matter to adapt to the resulting lack of communication. This hones some regions to levels of superior ability, while others fall by the wayside.
The team chose to examine Broca's and Wernicke's areas because language-based experiments are easy to conduct. But if the underconnectivity theory applies to the rest of the brain, too, it would be less of a mystery why some people with autism are hypersensitive to their environments, and others are able to do certain tasks, such as arithmetic, so well. And if it is true that underconnectivity is indeed the main problem, then treatments might be developed to stimulate the growth of the white-matter wiring.
Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph？
A．UnlessB．IF．C．AlthoughD．Before
Family and Health Care
"Chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, have replaced acute infectious illness as the leading causes of death in the United States," says Thomas L. Campbell, a physician specializing in family related medicine. Since most of these diseases cannot be cured, Campbell believes more emphasis must be placed on health promotion and disease prevention.
The way to do this is through the family, Campbell says in a report published by the National Council on Family Relations. "The family has a powerful influence on health beliefs and behaviors because it is the primary social agent in the promotion of health and well-being. Preventive health-care programs and policies must focus on the family and use it as an important resource in health promotion."
Campbell points to a number of observable connections between health and family:
The family is the primary setting in which attitudes and behaviors regarding diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use are learned and maintained.
Unhealthy behaviors and genetic risk factors for diseases are frequently found within families, as family members tend to share not only genes, but diets, physical activities, and alcohol and tobacco use.
Chronic marital (婚姻的) distress and conflict can lead to acute and chronic health changes, such as rising blood pressure and heart rate and lowering immunity (免疫力) of cells. These physiological (生理上的) changes result in a wide range of diseases, especially heart disease and cancer.
Campbell believes that a number of measures be made within the health-care system to accommodate the influence of the family. For example, health education and preventive care should be targeted toward families as well as individuals and communities. Also, when a risk factor for a disease or condition is identified in one family member, all other family members should be tested.
Campbell also recommends that mental-health care be included in wellness programs and suggests that family professionals (therapists, sociologists, and family-life educators) become more actively involved in health promotion.
Campbell believes people should pay more attention to health promotion and disease prevention because most of these diseases
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