题目内容
Freud learned from Chareot everything he needed to know about how to cure mentally ill patients.
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Where Do Dreams Come from？
Do you often dream at night？ Most people do. When they wake in the morning they say to themselves, "What a strange dream I had! I wonder what made me dream that."
Sometimes dreams are frightening. Terrible creatures threaten and pursue us. Sometimes, in dreams, wishes come true. We can fly through the air or float from mountain-tops. At other times we are troubled by dreams in which everything is confused. We are lost and can't find our way home. The world seems to have been turned upside-down and nothing makes sense.
In dreams we act very strangely. We do things which we would never do when we're awake. We think and say things we would never think and say. Why are dreams so strange？ Where do dreams come from？
People have been trying to answer this since the beginning of time. But no one has produced a more satisfying answer than a man called Sigmund Freud. One's dream-world seems strange and unfamiliar, he said, because dreams come from a part of one's mind which one can neither recognize nor control. He named this the "unconscious mind."
Sigmund Freud was born about a hundred years ago. He lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria, but ended his days in London, soon after the beginning of the Second World War.
Freud was one of the great explorers of our time. But the new worlds he explored were inside man himself. For the unconscious mind is like a deep well, full of memories and feelings. These memories and feelings have been stored there from the moment of our birth—perhaps even before birth. Our conscious mind has forgotten them. We do not suspect that they are there until some unhappy or unusual experience causes us to remember, or to dream dreams. Then suddenly we see a face we had forgotten long ago. We feel the same jealous fear and bitter disappointments we felt when we were little children.
This discovery of Freud's is very important if we wish to understand why people act as they do. For the unconscious forces inside us are at least as powerful as the conscious forces we know about. Why do we choose one friend rather than another？ Why does one story make us cry or laugh while another story doesn't affect us at all？ Perhaps we know why. If we don't, the reasons may lie deep in our unconscious minds.
When Freud was a child he wanted to become a great soldier and win honor for his country. At that time Austria and Germany were at war with each other. His father used to take Sigmund down to the railway station to watch the trains come in from the battle-fields. The trains were full of wounded soldiers. There were men who had lost an eye, an arm or a leg fighting in the war. Many of the soldiers were suffering great pain.
Young Sigmund watched the wounded men as they were moved from the trains into the hay-carts that carried them to the hospital. He was very sorry for them. He pitied them so much that he said to the teacher at his school, "Let us boys make bandages for the poor soldiers as our sisters in the girls' school do."
Even then, Freud cared about the sufferings of others, so it isn't surprising that he became a doctor when he grew up. Like other doctors he learned all about the way in which the human body works. But he became more and more curious about the human mind. He went to Paris to study with a famous French doctor, Chareot. Chareot's special study was diseases of the mind and nerves.
At that time it seemed that no one knew very much about the mind. If a person went mad, or 'out of his mind', there was not much that could be done about it. There was little help or comfort for the madman or his family. People didn't understand at all what was happening to him. Had he been possessed by a devil or evil spirit？ Was God punishing him for wrongdoing？ Often such people were shut away from the company of ordinary civilized
A．Between 19th and 20th Jefferson Street.B．Between 19th and 20th Jackson Street.C．Betw
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
"If anything is important it is the future. The past is gone, and the present exists only as a fleeting moment. Everything that we think and do from this moment on can only affect the future, and it is in the future that we shall spend the rest of our lives." History is important. It has many lessons to teach and failure to heed them is one of the easiest ways to make mistakes in the future. History also carries with it many experiences both personal and societal that influence attitudes to the present and the-future. In many situations these attitudes, which are de- rived from the past, determine our approach to the future. To create change we may need to break away from this domination by the past and think anew. This is often difficult, but if we are to solve many of the world's problems, it is necessary.
One way to assist this may be to examine the way m which we refer to different periods of time. The English language is not alone in using the words "past", "present" and "future", each suggesting the singular. There was one past-history rather than histories; there is one present, not a series of presents; and there will be one future. If, however, we accept the existence of effective human choice, there must be the potential for different futures to occur. Easy as it is to explain, when we are used to thinking about the past and the present, it can be still difficult to accept that futures are multiple. It seems to make the future different.
But is it as different as all that？ Consider the experience of an Englishman in Boston, Massachusetts. Some of the events that took place in and around Boston in the late 18th century are probably familiar to most English schoolchildren, but seeing them from an American perspective casts them in a new light. The British version of history generally regards the "Brits" as the good guys, fighting bravely for right. Following the "Freedom Trail" through Boston poses some interesting questions. The American view is different. We, the Brits, were the baddies!
Although the past has happened and left evidence and memories, difficulties remain. The interpretation of the events can be very different when viewed from different perspectives. Which, if any, is right？ Some of the most intractable political problems of today, such as those in Northern Ireland, the Middle East and the former Yugoslavia, originate in very different perspectives on history. Perhaps the main contribution that futurists can make to the resolution of these conflicts is to emphasize the existence of, and the need to understand histories, in the plural: that, although there may strictly have been one past, different human perceptions effectively create multiple pasts that are often incompatible. Only by recognizing the significance of these pasts can the varying presents be understood, with a view to achieving a future that will go some way towards meeting the conflicting preferences.
In what way is history important to us？
Freud believed that in childhood some people experience deep feelings they are ashamed of
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