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In Sep 2019, Anavy et al. report the development of encoding and decoding methods that exploit this redundancy using composite DNA letters. A composite DNA letter is a representation of a position in a sequence that consists of a mixture of all four DNA nucleotides in a predetermined ratio. The methods encode data using fewer synthesis cycles. They encode 6.4 MB into composite DNA, with distinguishable composition medians, using 20% more synthesis cycles per unit of data, as compared to previous reports.

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To increase the diversity of post-translational behaviors that can be programmed, Foight GW et al. built a system in 2019 based on a single protein receiver that can integrate multiple drug inputs, including approved therapeutics. The system translates drug inputs into diverse outputs using a suite of engineered reader proteins to provide variable dimerization states of the receiver protein.

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Recently, 26 natural chromosomes of S. cerevisiae were successfully fused into a single chromosome, similar to that found in prokaryotic cells; the artificial S. cerevisiae still has normal cellular functions.

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In China, over 500 million dollars were invested in synthetic biology research from 2011 to 2015, and an increased investment of one and half billion dollars has been proposed for 2018–2022.

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In 2016 alone, over 192 American synthetic-biology firms received approximately 828 million dollars in private investments. In 2017, 50 American synthetic-biology companies secured over 3.7 billion dollars to develop innovative synthetic-biology technologies.

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