The scientific methods for research include:
A. Identify the importance and possible impact of your research, identify what has been so far demonstrated by other colleagues
B. Define a research question that is meaningful and researchable, develop a hypothesis and provide a rationale for it
C. Define specific aims which are measurable and focused, choose an appropriate research design, analyze the data, draw conclusions
D. Communicate the findings, evaluation of communication impact, transformation through changing policy and practice
A quantitative research:
A. Uses the analysis of numerical data
B. Involves large number of participants representative of the population of interest
C. Aims at using statistics to explain the observations
D. Uses various instruments to collect data (questionnaires, monitors, other tools)
Aqualitativeresearch:
A. Data are in the form of words, pictures, and objects
B. Involves small number of participants
C. Aims at providing a complete and detailed description
D. Researcher serves as data-gathering instrument
In a cross-sectional study,
A. Exposure and outcome are assessed at the same time, it is used to study the prevalence of diseases and risk factors in a population
B. Advantages: relatively quick, easy, and inexpensive, can study multiple exposures and outcomes
C. Disadvantages: temporal sequence and causal association between exposure and outcome cannot be established
D. Examples: Health Survey for England (UK) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES in the US) are both being conducted as a series of cross-sectional examination
In a case-control study,
A. Subjects are selected on the basis of having a disease (cases, controls)
B. Groups are compared with respect to the proportion of having a history of exposure
C. Advantages: relatively quick and inexpensive; suitable for the evaluation of the diseases with long latent periods and for rare diseases; can assess multiple risk factors for a single disease
Disadvantages: cannot directly calculate the incidence of disease unless the study is population-based; difficult to establish temporal sequence and causal association between exposure and outcome;prone to recall bias; inefficient for rare exposures
微信支付 
支付宝支付