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在线路敷设方式的文字标注中，采用金属线槽方式敷设，其新的表示符号为（ ）。
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在常用绝缘导线的型号表示中，铝芯橡胶线的表示方法为（ ）。
警察的本质是（ ）的工具，是国家机器的重要组成部分
Section BA) Imagine a drug that could enhance a child's creativity, critical thinking and resilience. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take and could be had for free.The nation's leading pediatricians say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.B) "This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren't told what to do," said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it's rough-and-tumble physical play, outdoor play, or social or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.C) The advice, issued in August by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play - or better yet, playing with them - could seem like a step backward.The pediatricians insist that it's not. The academy's guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn 2 that play is essential to healthy development.D)"Play is not silly behavior," the academy's report declares. It fosterss children's creativity, cooperation and problem-solving skills - all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it deepens relationships and builds a bulwark against the toxic effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says.In the pediatricians' view, essentially every life skill valued in adults can be built up with play."Collaboration, negotiation, conflict resolution, self-advocacy, decision-making, a sense of agency, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play," they wrote.The pediatricians' appeal comes as American kids are being squeezed by escalating academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.E) The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests.The focus on academic "skills and drills" has cut deeply into recess and other time for free play.F) By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that 5-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of "choice time," when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in 4 Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for "free play."Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the "crucial role of recess in school."G) Pediatricians aren't the only ones who have noticed.In a report titled "Crisis in the Kindergarten," a consortium of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood "a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and world." Kids in play-based kindergartens "end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people," the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009.Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.H) Another playtime thief: the proportion of kids' time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers.Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age 8 spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under 2.This escalation of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive, language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.I) "I respect that parents have busy lives and it's easy to hand a child an iPhone," he said. "But there's a cost to that. For young children, it's much too passive. And kids really learn better when they're actively engaged and have to really discover things."J) The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the U.S. who live in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience that is nurtured with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.K) Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. "The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service," he said. Even well-meaning parents may be "robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity."L) Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that thepediatricians' new prescription may meet with skepicism ( 怀疑) from parents, who are anxious foradvice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of themessage, Lerner said.“It s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do," he said.“It doesn' t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It s something we can offer that' s achievable. They just don't recognize it right now as particularly valuable.
鉴频的方法归结为和两大类。
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