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Protecting the heart, warding off cancer, easing the pain of arthritis -- the list of Vitamin E's possible benefits keeps getting longer. Now, because of two new studies, some researchers say the nutrient is so critical for older people that everyone over 65 should consider taking a daily supplement.
The latest finding comes from nutrition and immunology respected: Vitamin E boosts the immune system in older people. In an eight-month study of 88 seniors, the scientists found that those taking at least 200 international units of Vitamin E daily had stronger immune responses than those taking little or none. Alzheimer's disease. Researchers tracked 341 moderately senile patients. Those who popped 2,000 IU of Vitamin E took seven months longer to reach an advanced stage of the disease.
Rangit Kumar Chandra, a Vitamin E researcher at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, says more studies are needed to learn who can benefit most and at what dose. Vitamin E thins the blood, so high doses can cause bleeding in people who also take blood thinning drags, even aspirin. Individuals with serious conditions should consult their doctors. But most people over 65, Chandra says, can take up to 200 IU with no side effects and great benefits.
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It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of light -- and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which ______.
A．boatB．broadC．goalD．road
He had lived in Paris for some years ______ he returned to America.
The government responded to the universities' threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter (调停人), Sir Ron Dearing.
One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago.
Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money--but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.
Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearing' s advice, hoping it will not be too late--some are already re ported to be in financial difficulty.
As the century nears its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as "consumers".
The Confederation (联盟) of British Industry, the key employers' organization, wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies. But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to "mass production methods more typical of European universities."
The chief concern of British universities is ______.
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