题目内容
A．Prestige schools may not be better.B．The quality is about the same is every school.C
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听力原文： Your professor has asked me to talk to you today about the topic that should be of real concern to civil engineers: the erosion of the US beaches. Let me start with some statistics, Did you know that 90% of the coast in this country is eroding, on the gulf of Mexico for instance, erosion averages 4 to 5 feet per year？ Over the past 20 years, there has been an increase in building along the coast, even though geologists and environmentalists have been warning communities about problems like erosion. Someway, communities have tried to protect their buildings and roads and to build seawalls. However, geologists have found that such stabilizing structures actually speed up the destruction of the beaches. These beaches with seawalls, called stabilized beaches, are much narrower than beaches without them. You may wonder how seawalls speed up beach loss. The explanation is simple. If the flow of the beaches is gentle, the water energy is lessened as it washes up along the shore. It is reduced even more that returns to the sea so it doesn't carry back much sand. On the other hand, when the water hits the nearly vertical face of the seawall, it goes straight back to the sea with the full force of its energy and it carries back a great deal of sand. Because of the real risk of losing beaches, many geologists support a ban on all types of stabilizing construction on shorelines.
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There has been some interesting work on the second question: on attitudes to violence. This finds a difference between westerns and crime plays. Westerns are "black and white" simplifications,【B1】crime plays pretend to represent "real life". The【B2】of westerns is that good can defeat bad through【B3】the manly way of doing thing.【B4】is no interest in the villain(反派角色), and the【B5】is often trying to help others rather than himself. In crime stories, 【B6】there are three important differences. Firstly, that criminal does not pay. Secondly, that what criminals do is not very different【B7】what the police do. Both sides【B8】and trick each other if necessary. Thirdly, that you cannot judge somebody by【B9】he appears: a person may look【B10】but be a criminal. Though the【B11】wins in a crime play, we are sometimes shown the criminal's point-of-view.
There is【B12】important difference between westerns and crime plays. In the【B13】, there are not close-ups(特写镜头) at a kill, and the fighting is between groups rather than single people. This【B14】the effect of the violence. But in crime plays, the【B15】stays on a man who has been【B16】; we see blood on his hands and pain on his face.
The third question, about a possible difference between what writers say they feel and what they【B17】show on the screen, has not been studied【B18】. In many "real-life" plays and films there may be a wide【B19】between the "good man wins" ending and the【B20】that people have when watching the scenes. For example, a criminal may be shown in several scenes, enjoying the money he has stolen, before (in one last scene) he is caught.
【B1】
A．They are less intelligent.B．They are less moral.C．They are more numerous.D．They ofte
Calories
For years now, calories have been all the rage—people are Counting them and cutting them, and you'd be hard pressed to find something at the supermarket that does hot list its calories per serving somewhere on the package. But have you ever wondered what exactly a calorie is？
What is a Calorie
A caloric is a unit of energy. We tend to associate calories with food, but they apply to anything containing energy. For example, a gallon (about 4 liters) of gasoline contains about 31,000,000 calories.
Specifically, a caloric is the amount of energy, or heat, it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius(1.8 degrees Fahrenheit). One caloric is equal to 4.184 joules(焦耳), a common unit of energy used in the physical sciences. Most of us think of calories in relation to food, as in "This can of soda has 200 calories." It turns out that the calories on a food package are actually kilocalories (1,000 calories=1 kilocalorie). The word is sometimes capitalized to show the difference, but usually not. A food calorie contains 4,184 joules. A can of soda containing 200 food calories contains 200,000 regular calories, or 200 kilocalories. A gallon of gasoline contains 31,000 kilocalories.
The same applies to exercise when a fitness chart says you burn about 100 calories for every mile you jog, it means 100 kilocalories. For the duration of this article, when we say "calorie", we mean "kilocalorie".
What Calories Do
Human beings need energy to survive—to breathe, move, pump blood—and they acquire this energy from food.
The number of calories in a food is a measure of how much potential energy that food possesses. A gram of carbohydrates(碳水化合物) has 4 calories, a grain of protein has 4 calories, and a gram of fat has 9 calories. Foods are a compilation of these three building blocks. So if you know how many carbohydrates, fats and proteins are in any given food, you know bow many calories, or how much energy, that food contains.
If we look at the nutritional label on the back of a packet bf maple-and-brown-sugar oatmeal(麦片), we find that it has 160 calories. This means that if we were to pour this oatmeal into a dish, set the oatmeal on fire and get it to burn completely(which is actually pretty tricky), the reaction would produce 160 kilocalories (remember: food calories are kilocalories) enough energy to raise the temperature of 160 kilograms of water 1 degree Celsius. If we look closer at the nutritional label, we see that our oatmeal has 2 grams of fat, 4 grams of protein and 32 grams of carbohydrates, producing a total of 162 calories(apparently, food manufacturers like to round down). Of these 162 calories, 18 come from fat(9cal×2g), 16 come from protein(4cal×4g) and 128 come from carbohydrates(4cal×32g).
Your Caloric Needs
Just how many calories do our cells need to function well？ The number is different for every person. You may notice on the nutritional labels of the foods you buy that the "percent daily values" are based on a 2,000 calorie diet—2,000 calories is a rough average of what a person. needs to eat in a day, but your body might need more or less than 2,000 calories. Height, weight, gender, age and activity level all affect your caloric needs. There are three main factors involved in calculating how many calories your body needs per day:
-Basal metabolic rate(基本新陈代谢率)
-Physical activity
-Thermic(热的) effect of food
Your basal metabolic rate(BMR) is the amount of energy your body needs to function at rest. This accounts for about 60 to 70 percent of calories burned in a day and includes the energy required to keep the heart beating, the lungs breathing, the kidneys functioning and the body temperature stabilized. In general, men have a higher BMR than women.
The
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