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W: Really？
M: Yeah, So what you are doing this summer, anything special？
W: Well, actually yeah. My parents have always liked taking my sister and me to different places in the United States. You know, places with historical significance. I guess they wanted to reinforce the stuff we learned in school about history. And so even though we are older now, they still do once in a while.
M: Oh so-where you're going this summer？
W: Well, this summer it's finely going to be Gettysburg.
M: Finely？ You haven't been there yet？ I mean Gettysburg, it's probably the most famous civil war site in the country. It's only a couple of hours away. You think that would be one of the first places that they've taken you to. I have been there a couple of times.
W: We were gonna to go about ten, ah, no, it was exactly ten years ago, but I don't know, something happened, I cannot remember what.
M: Something changed your plans？
W: Yeah, don't ask me what it was, but we ended up not going anywhere that year. I hope that doesn't happen again this year. I wrote a paper about Gettysburg last semester for a history class I was taking. Well, about the political situation in the United States right after the battle at Gettysburg. So I'm eager to see the place.
What are the students mainly discussing？
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对块石与岩石的要求只是强度要求。 ()
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Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence". This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or across a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people 'who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.
Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence, an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads axe motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice Of destination).
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.
Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles". Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.
The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one per son and frighten another.
Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
The author thinks that pull factors ______ .
听力原文： A plane with more than 150 people on board has crashed in a remote part of northwestern Venezuela. A rescue effort is underway. The Venezuelan Interior Minister Jesse Chacon said the pilot had reported engine problems and asked to make an emergency landing in Venezuela. From Caracas lain Bruce reports.
"It was at 3:07 a.m. local time that the Colombian airliner with 152 people on board reported mechanical problems with one of its engines. Venezuelan air traffic controllers say they lost contact with the plane some minutes later. Shortly afterwards, witnesses reported a large explosion in the Perija Hill near Venezuela's border with Columbia. The president of Venezuela's National Aviation Institute Francisco Paz said the crash site was located between two ranches in the area known as L. and N. Rescue teams from the city of Maracaibo have been sent to the scene by air and by land."
What has happened in Venezuela, according to the news？
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